What's New — Elbow — August 2026¶
111 new articles published this month.
Themes: UCL Injury in Baseball · Capitellar OCD in Athletes · Elbow Trauma and Instability · Elbow Arthroplasty and Stiffness · Distal Biceps and Epicondylitis · Elbow Biomechanics and Nerves
Digest generated 2026-09-14 07:59:37+00:00.
Highlights¶
UCL Injury in Baseball¶
This month's digest features a large cluster of studies on ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury in throwing athletes, spanning risk factors, imaging, treatment trends, and return-to-performance. Pitch-tracking metrics and fastball characteristics were analyzed for warning signs preceding acute UCL failure [88][92], while spin rate, velocity, and pitch usage were compared between injured and matched controls [76][73]. Biomechanical work examined suture tape tensioning during UCL repair [82] and flexor-pronator strength in different forearm positions [86], with grip and pinch strength linked to dynamic medial elbow stability [65][69][105][110]. Machine learning predicted crossover to surgery after failed nonoperative care [72], and graft choice (palmaris vs gracilis) [90], internal bracing outcomes [84], and return to play in MLB pitchers [87], position players [71], and wrestlers [78] were reported. Japanese practice trends were also surveyed [81].
Capitellar OCD in Athletes¶
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum received substantial attention, particularly screening and surgical management in young athletes. Large-scale ultrasonographic screening defined prevalence in female youth baseball players [63] and evaluated the impact of Japanese youth rule changes on suspected OCD detection [67], with competitive playing duration beyond 36 months identified as a risk threshold [70]. Valgus laxity was associated with lateral lesion location [80], and tumbling athletes showed the highest rate of bilateral lesions [91]. Regarding treatment, preoperative proximal radial head migration predicted suboptimal outcomes after osteochondral autograft transplantation [9], arthroscopic autologous minced cartilage implantation was described for capitellar lesions [4], and OATS donor-site knee morbidity in children favored osteochondral allograft [68]. A case report addressed arthroscopic treatment in an adolescent swimmer [95].
Elbow Trauma and Instability¶
Traumatic elbow injuries and instability formed a broad theme covering fracture management, dislocation care, and ligamentous reconstruction. MRI findings after simple elbow dislocations were systematically reviewed [60], and nonoperative management of selected stable terrible triad injuries showed good long-term outcomes [108]. Medial and lateral ligament bracing was reported for severe instability after dislocation [102], with revision of a failed internal joint stabilizer using a hinged external fixator described [111]. Radial head fractures featured prominently: operative versus nonoperative meta-analysis for Mason type II [99], osteosynthesis versus arthroplasty comparisons [100], rising radial head arthroplasty utilisation in young patients [93], outcomes of two press-fit implant designs [57], and results after removal of failed radial head implants [56]. Paediatric topics included radial neck fractures [106], lateral epicondylar fractures [107], medial epicondyle fracture patterns [83], and 3D-guided osteotomy for capitellar malunion [109]. The anconeus approach for lateral elbow trauma [104] and FACTS imaging for minor lateral instability [21] complete this theme.
Elbow Arthroplasty and Stiffness¶
Degenerative and posttraumatic elbow conditions managed with arthroplasty or release formed a distinct cluster. A multicenter propensity-weighted cohort compared total elbow arthroplasty (TEA), open osteocapsular arthroplasty, and arthroscopic osteocapsular arthroplasty for primary elbow osteoarthritis, favoring joint-preserving options for motion recovery at lower cost [3]. Technical guidance for TEA in arthritis and distal humerus fractures was provided [8], alongside a historical review of implant evolution and failure modes [14] and a report of mechanical failure of the Latitude prosthesis [12]. Revision TEA was described for aseptic and septic distal humerus nonunion [97]. Arthroscopic circumferential release achieved comparable outcomes in severe and nonsevere posttraumatic stiffness [61], and cadaveric work established the feasibility of elbow joint denervation through a single posterior incision [103].
Distal Biceps and Epicondylitis¶
Tendon pathology around the elbow, distal biceps ruptures and epicondylitis, was well represented. A systematic review found cortical button and suture anchor fixation yield similar outcomes and complication profiles for distal biceps repair [59], while functional comparisons across direct repair, allograft reconstruction, high-flexion repair, and nonoperative treatment were reported [19]. Chronic ruptures reconstructed with Achilles allograft showed excellent satisfaction at mean 4-year follow-up [89], testosterone therapy was examined as a modifier of repair outcomes [79], and time-driven activity-based costing compared implant costs [77]. A letter cautioned against normalizing surgery for partial distal biceps tears [55], and a systematic review covered partial tears and tendinopathy outcomes [98]. For epicondylitis, arthroscopic extensor carpi radialis brevis debridement showed favourable short- to mid-term outcomes [11], and surgical management of common flexor and extensor tendon tears was reviewed in 200 consecutive cases [74].
Elbow Biomechanics and Nerves¶
A final cluster captured anatomic, biomechanical, and nerve-focused elbow studies. Quantification of the centerline of ulnohumeral rotation relative to the capitellum informed lateral ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction [5], and anatomical feasibility of a xenograft tendon for medial and posterolateral ligament reconstruction was assessed [94]. Finite element analysis compared pin configurations, including a novel condylo-trochlear sulcus technique, for supracondylar humeral fractures [7]. Carrying angle was linked to ulnar nerve instability in high school pitchers [32], and concomitant versus isolated carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes were characterized as a distinct clinical subgroup with greater motor impairment [6]. Intraoperative electrodiagnostic testing for neonatal brachial plexus palsy was reviewed as a decision-making tool [1], and latent class analysis of upper extremity musculoskeletal conditions in healthcare workers provided epidemiologic context [2].
Articles by Theme¶
UCL Injury in Baseball (19)¶
65. Hattori H, Okamura S, Hall T, et al. Recovery of Medial Elbow Dynamic Stability 24 Hours After Pitching Under Contraction of the Forearm Flexor-Pronator Muscles in High School Baseball Pitchers. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/23259671261472672
High school pitchers underwent serial ultrasound measurement of medial elbow joint width and UCL/flexor-pronator muscle strain ratios during contraction before and for 24 hours after a 100-pitch bout. Joint gapping acutely increased and tissue strain remained altered, with incomplete return to baseline by 24 hours. This suggests a single outing produces at least day-long impairment of dynamic medial elbow stabilizers, informing rest-interval guidance for adolescent pitchers.
66. Munemori M, Numaguchi K, Momma D, et al. Association Between Computed Tomography–Derived Hounsfield Units of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament and Valgus Laxity in Professional Baseball Players. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/23259671261472961
Non-contrast CT Hounsfield unit values of the UCL anterior bundle were measured in 44 professional baseball players and correlated with valgus laxity on stress ultrasound and stress CT. HU values were associated with the degree of valgus laxity, supporting CT-derived HU as an objective, quantitative marker of intrinsic UCL tissue quality. This may complement stress imaging in assessing UCL insufficiency and guiding treatment decisions in overhead athletes.
69. Yasui Y, Tsukada K, Yonezawa K, et al. Paper 58. Pitch Count Alone Is Not Enough: Age-Dependent Pinch Strength Change and Associated Factors in Youth Baseball Pitchers. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00315
Pulp and tip pinch strength were prospectively measured across a single pitching bout in youth pitchers to characterize age-dependent changes and identify associated physical and pitching factors, as an index of flexor digitorum superficialis (dynamic UCL stabilizer) fatigue. Pinch strength changed during the bout in an age-dependent manner, indicating pitch counts alone do not capture physiologic fatigue of medial elbow stabilizers. Pinch strength testing may offer a simple objective fatigue marker to complement pitch-count limits in UCL injury prevention.
71. Mastroianni MA, Dillon MR, Ren M, et al. Poster 202. Return to Play and Performance following UCL Reconstruction and Repair in Major League Baseball Position Players. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00499
All 21 MLB position players undergoing primary UCL reconstruction or repair (2014-2024) were analyzed for return-to-play and return-to-performance using advanced analytics and ball-tracking metrics. The study compared repairs versus reconstructions and updated career-longevity data in the modern analytics era. Results inform position players and teams on expected performance recovery after UCL surgery using metrics that drive roster decisions.
72. Kunze KN, Varady NH, Anand K, et al. Poster 197. Predicting Cross-Over to Surgical Management in Patients with Nonoperatively Treated Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries: A Machine Learning Analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00494
Six machine learning models were developed and internally validated using 19 routinely collected clinical features from 253 patients with UCL injuries to predict crossover to UCL repair or reconstruction after failed nonoperative treatment. The algorithms demonstrated useful discrimination and calibration, with interpretable analyses (LIME, partial dependence) identifying key risk drivers. Such prognostic tools could help clinicians and patients anticipate nonoperative failure and plan earlier surgical decision-making.
73. Locascio L, Menta S, Nied S, et al. Poster 198. Relationships Between Fastball Characteristics and Upper Extremity Injuries in Major League Baseball Pitchers. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00495
This study used Statcast data and public injury reports from 2018-2024 to assess whether fastball velocity, usage, and spin rate, and their year-to-year changes, predict upper extremity injuries in MLB pitchers via logistic regression across 7 seasons. It aimed to clarify poorly defined relationships between pitch characteristics and UE injury. Findings inform how teams might weigh velocity/spin optimization against injury risk when monitoring pitchers.
75. Menta S, Locascio L, Sciascia A, et al. Poster 173. Leg Up or Letdown? Exploring the Link Between Lower-Body Injury and Upper Extremity Injury in MLB Pitchers. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00471
This retrospective cohort of MLB pitchers (2017-2024) used multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for age, workload, fastball velocity, year, and a novel pitch-mix entropy metric, to test whether lower extremity injuries predict subsequent same-season upper extremity injuries. It provided large-scale epidemiologic evidence for the kinetic chain disruption hypothesis in professional pitchers. If confirmed, the findings suggest LE injury prevention and rehabilitation may be important for reducing UE injury risk in pitchers.
76. Murray MJ, Dowling B, Hodakowski A, et al. Poster 200. Pitch Metrics in Major League Baseball Pitchers Undergoing Ulnar Collateral Ligament Surgery: A Propensity-Matched Analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00497
This retrospective study compared pitch metrics (pitch type, spin rate, velocity, usage) from index seasons of MLB pitchers undergoing UCL surgery (2015-2024) against propensity-matched healthy controls using Statcast data. It sought to determine whether spin rate and pitch mix, beyond known velocity risk, distinguish pitchers who require UCL surgery. Results could refine pre-injury screening and workload monitoring focused on modifiable pitch characteristics.
78. VanTienderen R, Gregory E, Marshall B, et al. Poster 208. Evaluating Outcomes and Return to Sport of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Wrestlers. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00505
This retrospective review examined 46 wrestlers aged 12+ treated for UCL injuries at an academic center (2014-2023), documenting injury mechanisms, treatment, and return to sport. Most (89%) were managed non-operatively, but 41% of that group failed conservative care and 44% ultimately required surgery. The results highlight that despite generally favourable non-operative outcomes, a substantial subset of wrestlers need surgical management, informing counseling for this under-studied population.
81. Tomita K, Yamada S, Akeda M, et al. Poster 210. Evolving Trends in Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury Management in Japanese Baseball Players: Second Edition Survey Highlighting Temporal Changes Since the First Edition and Comparison with the U.S.. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00507
Two nationwide Japanese surveys (2020-2021 and 2023-2024) of orthopaedic surgeons tracked evolving management of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries in baseball players, comparing temporal changes and U.S. practice patterns using five standardised clinical scenarios. The study assessed shifts in surgical volume, diversification of procedures beyond traditional reconstruction, and expansion of nonoperative modalities. The findings inform Japanese surgeons how their practice patterns compare internationally and highlight trends toward repair and nonoperative treatment options.
82. Yoshida M, Takenaga T, Yamauchi S, et al. Poster 195. Optimal Fixation Technique of Suture Tape in Ulnar Collateral Ligament Repair: A Biomechanical Cadaveric Study. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00492
A cadaveric study of 12 elbows evaluated how different suture tape fixation and tensioning strategies affect valgus stability after UCL repair under standardised stress at 30° of flexion. The study sought to define the optimal fixation technique, since excessive tape tension risks over-constraint while insufficient tension fails to restore stability. Results guide surgeons in selecting a tensioning strategy that restores native valgus stability during suture tape-augmented UCL repair.
84. Rosenberg AE, Rasquinha RD, Khan H, et al. Poster 192. Diminished Batted Ball Control Following Ulnar Collateral Ligament Repair or Reconstruction with Internal Bracing in Professional Pitchers: A Statcast-Based Evaluation. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00489
A retrospective matched case-control study used MLB Statcast pitch-level data (2016-2024) to assess batted-ball quality metrics against pitchers after UCL repair or reconstruction with internal bracing, matched to controls by birth year and overlapping seasons. The key finding was diminished batted-ball control postoperatively, subtle declines in limiting damaging contact not captured by conventional statistics like ERA or WHIP. Clinically, Statcast-derived metrics may detect performance changes earlier and more sensitively than traditional outcomes after UCL surgery.
86. Fury MS, O’Donnell L, Benson C, et al. Poster 203. Pronator-Biased Pitchers Demonstrate Decreased Flexor-Pronator Strength in Supinated Forearm Positions—A Mechanistic Rationale for UCL Injury Risk during Breaking Ball Pitch Development and Utilization. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00500
Twenty-eight collegiate and professional pitchers were tested for flexor-pronator strength in pronated versus supinated forearm positions to explain UCL injury risk during breaking-ball pitching. Pronator-biased pitchers demonstrated reduced flexor-pronator strength in supinated positions, offering a mechanistic rationale for why developing or throwing breaking pitches (delivered with supinated forearm) may elevate UCL injury risk. This supports targeted flexor-pronator strengthening across forearm positions as a preventive strategy.
87. Mastroianni MA, Kunes JA, Chen AZ, et al. Poster 209. Pitch-Specific Return to Performance Following UCL Surgery in Major League Baseball Pitchers. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00506
A retrospective analysis of 129 MLB pitchers undergoing primary UCL reconstruction or repair (2017-2023) used pitch-tracking and advanced analytics (Stuff+, Location+, Pitching+) to determine pitch-specific return to performance in 54 qualifying pitchers. The study identified which pitch types reliably return to pre-injury performance and predictors of return using regression modeling. Clinically, this helps set evidence-based expectations for pitchers and teams regarding which pitches may not fully recover after UCL surgery.
88. Mastroianni MA, Dillon MR, Frappa NM, et al. Poster 204. Using Pitch-Tracking Metrics to Identify Warning Signs Immediately Prior to Acute Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Major League Baseball Players. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00501
Statcast pitch-tracking data from seven MLB pitchers with acute, single-pitch UCL injuries (2020-2025) were analyzed across the injury game and four prior outings to detect pre-injury changes in velocity, spin rate, release extension, arm angle, and acceleration. The study tested whether acute UCL failure is preceded by detectable biomechanical warning signs or occurs without warning. Identifying real-time metric deviations could enable teams to trigger rest or treatment protocols that prevent injury or reduce tear severity, preserving repair options with shorter recovery timelines.
90. Scheiderer J, Tchangou N, Fellheimer H, et al. Poster 190. Clinical Outcomes Following Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction with Palmaris Longus versus Gracilis Autograft in Baseball Players: A Cohort Analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00488
This cohort study compared clinical and patient-reported outcomes of ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction using palmaris longus versus gracilis autograft in baseball players. Both grafts provided comparable return-to-play outcomes, with differences in recovery timelines and subsequent injury profiles being the key points of comparison. Surgeons can reasonably select either autograft, as neither demonstrates a clear clinical superiority in this population.
92. Mastroianni MA, Dillon MR, Frappa NM, et al. Poster 194. Pitch-Tracking Risk Factors and Warning Signs for Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Major League Baseball Pitchers. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00491
This case-control study analyzed MLB pitch-tracking data (velocity, release extension, release point, arm angle) across the season before injury, offseason, and immediately prior to injured list placement to identify warning signs of UCL injury. Specific short-term pitch-tracking trends emerged as potential early indicators of impending or partial UCL injury. Monitoring these metrics could enable early detection protocols and allow UCL repair rather than reconstruction in select pitchers.
105. Isi S, Dowling B, Shen A, et al. Relationship Between Grip and Three-Point Pinch Strength to Ball Velocity and Elbow Varus Torque in High School Pitchers. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100853
This cross-sectional study examined whether grip strength and three-point pinch strength correlate with ball velocity and elbow varus torque in high school baseball pitchers. The findings inform whether simple, office-based strength measures can serve as screening or monitoring tools for pitching performance and elbow loading in adolescent athletes.
110. Sato R, Ishigaki T, Okochi T, et al. Effects of grip contraction with different finger recruitment and different wrist positions on dynamic medial elbow joint stability. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.08.008
In 20 healthy men, ultrasonographic medial elbow joint space was measured under valgus stress with grip contractions recruiting different finger combinations and wrist positions. Excluding the second or third digit and altering wrist position changed dynamic medial elbow stability, underscoring the roles of specific FDS layers and grip strategy, relevant to MUCL injury prevention and rehabilitation in baseball players.
Capitellar OCD in Athletes (9)¶
4. Leschinger T, Ott N, Wegmann S, et al. Arthroscopic Technique for Autologous Minced Cartilage Implantation for Focal Lesions of the Capitellum Humeri of the Elbow: A Technical Note. Arthroscopy Techniques 2026. doi:10.1002/atn2.70230
This technical note describes a step-by-step arthroscopic technique for single-stage autologous minced cartilage implantation for focal osteochondral lesions of the humeral capitellum, particularly in osteochondritis dissecans of young, active patients. It outlines indications, surgical pearls and pitfalls, and postoperative care, adapting a technique with favourable outcomes in larger joints to the elbow. The technique offers a minimally invasive, single-stage biologic cartilage repair option, though clinical validation in the elbow is still needed.
9. Kamijo H, Takahashi N, Matsuki K, et al. Preoperative Proximal Migration of the Radial Head as an Independent Predictor of Suboptimal Outcomes After Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation for Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans: A Retrospective Cohort Study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/03635465261469691
This retrospective cohort study of adolescent athletes undergoing osteochondral autograft transplantation for capitellar OCD identified preoperative proximal migration of the radial head, measured on radiographs relative to the coronoid process, as an independent predictor of suboptimal outcomes (Timmerman-Andrews score <160) at minimum 2-year follow-up. The finding suggests that radial head migration reflects advanced disease severity and should prompt careful preoperative counseling regarding prognosis or consideration of alternative surgical strategies.
63. Munemori M, Momma D, Numaguchi K, et al. Prevalence of Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans and Medial Epicondylar Abnormalities in Female Youth Baseball Players: A Large-Scale Ultrasonographic Screening Study. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/23259671261469729
This large-scale ultrasonographic screening study of 13,483 youth baseball players compared the prevalence of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans and medial epicondylar abnormalities between sexes. Capitellar OCD was less common in female players (0.57%) than males (2.4%), providing the first robust epidemiological data for female youth throwers. Screening and prevention programs can be stratified by sex, with lower expected elbow OCD burden in female players.
67. Takata Y, Takemoto N, Nishimura M, et al. Paper 56. Impact of Youth Baseball Rule Changes on Elbow Screening for Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Humeral Capitellum during Annual Elbow Examinations. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00313
A mass ultrasound screening program for youth baseball players was used to compare rates of suspected capitellar OCD across cohorts defined by Japan's stepwise rule changes (pitch limits in 2019; inning/time limits and larger home plate in 2022). The study tested whether these workload restrictions reduced early OCD signs on annual elbow examinations. Findings inform whether regulatory pitch/play limits translate into lower overuse injury burden at the population screening level.
68. Landrum KM, Mitchell BC, Streeter SR, et al. Paper 57. OATS Harvesting From the Femoral Condyle Is Not Benign: Knee Outcomes After OATS vs. OCA for Elbow OCD in Children. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00314
Paediatric patients (ages 11-18) treated operatively for capitellar OCD with OATS versus OCA were retrospectively compared using prospectively collected knee PROMs (PROMIS, Lysholm, IKDC) at ≥2 years. Contrary to the assumption that autograft harvest is benign in children, knee outcomes after OATS were inferior to OCA, with donor-site morbidity documented. Surgeons should counsel families that OATS donor-site knee morbidity is a real risk in skeletally immature patients when selecting grafting technique.
70. Kamiya T, Nagasawa M, Tajima T, et al. Poster 185. Thirty-Six Months as the Optimal Cut-Off for Competitive Playing Duration in Predicting Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) of the Humeral Capitellum in Youth Baseball Players. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00483
Among 853 youth baseball players aged 9-12 undergoing questionnaire, physical exam, and ultrasound screening, the study determined a cut-off for duration of competitive play predictive of capitellar OCD. Thirty-six months of competitive playing emerged as the optimal threshold for OCD risk. This provides a concrete, easily obtained screening criterion to trigger closer surveillance or counseling in young players with ≥3 years of competitive play.
80. Ishihara T, Nezu S, Nakamichi R, et al. Poster 193. Association Between Valgus Laxity and Lesion Location in Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Elbow. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00490
This study directly tested whether elbow valgus laxity is associated with lesion location (lateral vs. central/widespread patterns) in adolescent athletes with capitellar osteochondritis dissecans, based on the hypothesis that UCL insufficiency increases lateral capitellar stress. Establishing this link would explain more complex lateral-type OCD requiring lateral wall reconstruction. Findings support evaluating valgus stability when planning OCD treatment and prognosis.
91. Lawrence J, Mitchell BC, Landrum KM, et al. Poster 201. Tumbling Athletes Sustain Highest Rate of Bilateral Elbow Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions and May Benefit From Screening. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00498
A retrospective review of paediatric and adolescent elbow osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) patients at a tertiary children's hospital characterized lesion features and sports participation, with focus on bilateral presentations. Tumbling athletes (gymnasts, cheerleaders, dancers) showed the highest rate of bilateral capitellar OCD lesions. These athletes may warrant bilateral screening to detect occult contralateral disease early.
95. Christy KB, Tashjian ZA, Wolf BR, et al. Arthroscopic treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum in an early adolescent swimmer: a case report. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100760
This case report describes arthroscopic management of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans in an early adolescent swimmer, including arthroscopic debridement/microfracture of the osteochondral defect. The patient achieved healing and return to swimming, demonstrating that elbow arthroscopy can successfully treat capitellar OCD in young aquatic athletes. It highlights swimming as an overhead-loading activity associated with capitellar OCD and supports early arthroscopic intervention for return to sport.
Elbow Trauma and Instability (15)¶
21. Cassin S, Vismara V, Zagarella A, et al. The Use of Flexion Arthrography Computed Tomography Signs (FACTS) to detect minor instability of the lateral aspect of the elbow. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100692
In a retrospective case-control study of 130 patients undergoing flexion CT arthrography, the prevalence of Flexion Arthrography CT Signs (FACTS), the loose collar sign and capsular tear, was compared between 109 patients with suspected minor lateral elbow instability and 21 asymptomatic controls. The loose collar sign (56.9% vs 23.8%) and capsular tears (35.8% vs 9.5%) were significantly more common in cases, with cases over four times more likely to show these signs. FACTS on flexion CT arthrography may identify minor lateral elbow instability as an alternative cause of recalcitrant lateral elbow pain mimicking extensor tendinopathy.
56. Hart CM, Weir TB, O’Driscoll CM, et al. Outcomes of Implant Removal After Failed Radial Head Arthroplasty:An Average 7-Year Follow-up Study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.07.022
The authors reviewed 25 elbows (from 37, excluding those with <2 years follow-up) that underwent removal of a failed radial head arthroplasty without reimplantation, with average 7-year follow-up, assessing outcomes, complications, and proximal radioulnar impingement. The study addresses the unclear choice between revision implantation versus simple removal with or without interposition. The results inform surgeons' decision-making when managing failed radial head implants, particularly regarding the risk of symptomatic radioulnar impingement after removal.
57. Heredia JD, Ruiz Ibán MA, Espejo Reina MJ, et al. RADIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF TWO DESIGNS (ANATOMIC RADIAL HEAD SYSTEM® AND ALIGN®) OF PRESS-FIT ANATOMIC RADIAL HEAD ARTHROPLASTY FOR ACUTE ELBOW TRAUMA. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.07.028
This study compared radiological and clinical outcomes of two press-fit anatomic radial head arthroplasty designs (Anatomic Radial Head System and Align) used for acute elbow trauma. The findings inform implant selection for radial head replacement after comminuted radial head fractures, suggesting both designs can be used with attention to design-specific radiographic behaviours.
60. Sachinis NP, Bhardwaj V, Scaglia M, et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Simple Elbow Dislocations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.08.017
This systematic review and meta-analysis of eight studies (267 patients) characterized MRI findings after simple elbow dislocations. Nearly all dislocations involved collateral ligament injury (MCL ~91%, LCL ~94%), with complete tears reported in a substantial subset, and osteochondral injuries were also common. The findings support a low threshold for advanced imaging when instability persists and highlight that simple dislocations are actually complex ligamentous injuries.
83. Lawrence J, Syed A, Lee RC, et al. Poster 196. Fracture of the Humeral Medial Epicondyle in Children and Adolescents: Injury Mechanism Differs by Fracture Pattern. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00493
A retrospective review of paediatric and adolescent medial elbow fractures (2012-2022) classified injuries into five distinct fracture patterns based on the relative contributions of the UCL and flexor-pronator mass attachments. The hypothesis that UCL-pattern avulsions associate with throwing/overhead mechanisms while complex patterns reflect traumatic events was tested with bivariate analysis. Recognizing that mechanism differs by fracture pattern can guide clinicians in counseling young athletes about activity-related risk and in tailoring operative decision-making.
93. Larson SL, Swaim OA, Thomas GM, et al. Rise in Radial Head Arthroplasty Utilization in Young Patients: An Analysis of the Nationwide Ambulatory Surgery Sample. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101781
A nationwide ambulatory surgery database analysis examined temporal trends in radial head arthroplasty utilisation by patient age. Use of radial head arthroplasty rose substantially among young patients undergoing outpatient elbow surgery. This trend raises considerations about implant longevity and survivorship in this demographic and may influence surgical decision-making for radial head injuries.
99. Goy C, van de Wall BJ, Beeres FJ, et al. Operative vs. nonoperative treatment in Mason type II fractures: a meta-analysis. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100773
This meta-analysis pooled randomised and observational studies comparing operative versus nonoperative treatment of Mason type II radial head fractures, with the Mayo Elbow Performance Score as the primary outcome. Results inform shared decision-making by clarifying whether surgical fixation offers measurable functional, range-of-motion, or complication advantages over conservative management in these fractures.
100. Sousa MM, Vieira LP, Pinho AR, et al. Osteosynthesis versus arthroplasty in the management of radial head fractures: a retrospective cohort study. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100780
This retrospective cohort of 35 surgically treated radial head fractures compared functional outcomes, complications, and satisfaction between osteosynthesis and radial head arthroplasty, stratified by fracture complexity. The findings help guide implant choice in comminuted or unstable patterns, balancing the complication risks of fixation against those of prosthetic replacement.
102. Stryga M, Aden J, Reeh F, et al. Medial and Lateral Ligament Bracing in Severe Elbow Instability After Acute Elbow Dislocation. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.06.008
This retrospective study of 33 patients reported clinical outcomes after surgical repair of severe medial and lateral elbow instability following acute dislocation augmented with internal ligament bracing. With satisfactory range of motion, DASH scores, and low revision rates at ~30 months follow-up, the results support ligament bracing as a useful adjunct in severe instability, though its routine indication still requires further study.
104. Sathy A, Andre G. The Anconeus Approach is Safe and Effective for Lateral Elbow Trauma: A Consecutive Case Series of Clinical and Functional Outcomes. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100857
This consecutive case series evaluated clinical and functional outcomes of the anconeus approach (a single lateral approach) for lateral elbow trauma. The findings support the approach as safe and effective, suggesting it can simplify surgical management of lateral elbow injuries without compromising outcomes.
106. Puglia F, Tanel L, Priano D, et al. Excellent functional outcomes and low complication rate following open reduction for severe pediatric radial neck fractures: A retrospective analysis. Injury 2026. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2026.113386
A retrospective cohort of 53 children (mean age 8 years) with Judet type 4 radial neck fractures treated with open reduction after failed closed reduction was reviewed for functional outcomes and complications. The mean Oxford Elbow Score was 96 with a low complication rate (13.5%, mostly heterotopic ossification), suggesting open reduction can yield excellent function despite fracture severity; surgical delay and other risk factors for complications were analyzed to guide counseling and timing.
107. Kushare I, Ghanta R, Smadi Z, et al. Lateral epicondylar fractures in the pediatric population: Presentation, management, and outcomes. Injury 2026. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2026.113464
A retrospective series of 22 paediatric lateral epicondylar fractures (mean age 10.5 years) described mechanisms, associated injuries, management, and outcomes using QuickDASH. Most fractures were nondisplaced and over half had concomitant injuries such as elbow fracture-dislocations and coronoid fractures, highlighting the need for careful evaluation of associated pathology in these rare, often sports-related injuries.
108. Kendirci AŞ, Karaçam Mİ, Koyuncu D, et al. Long-term outcomes after nonoperative management of selected stable terrible triad injuries of the elbow: a single-center case series. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research 2026. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2026.104830
This single-center case series reported long-term functional and radiographic outcomes of adults with terrible triad elbow injuries managed nonoperatively after selection based on concentric reduction, no mechanical block, and fluoroscopic stability. The results support that a carefully selected subgroup with low-grade radial head and coronoid fractures can achieve high functional scores and limited degeneration without surgery, refining indications for nonoperative treatment.
109. Terzidis Z, Brokx E, van Es EM, et al. 3-dimensional Guided Osteotomy and Reconstruction of Malunited Pediatric Capitellum Fractures: A report of two Cases. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100848
Two paediatric patients with malunited capitellum fractures were treated with patient-specific 3D-guided osteotomy and reconstruction. The report demonstrates the feasibility of 3D planning to correct articular malalignment and restore elbow function in children, offering a template for managing this rare complication.
111. Sayegh G, Phan N, Maestas A, et al. Revision of Failed Elbow Internal Joint Stabilizer with Hinged Elbow External Fixator and Augmented Ligament Repair: A Technical Report. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100864
This technical report describes revision of a failed elbow internal joint stabilizer using a hinged external fixator with augmented ligament repair. It provides a salvage strategy for surgeons managing instability after internal joint stabilizer failure, outlining operative steps and rationale for the combined construct.
Elbow Arthroplasty and Stiffness (7)¶
3. Yu S, Wang Y, Zhou S, et al. Efficiency and cost-effectiveness of three surgical strategies for primary osteoarthritis of the elbow: a multicenter propensity score–weighted cohort study. International Orthopaedics 2026. doi:10.1007/s00264-026-07001-z
This multicenter retrospective cohort study (542 patients at three Chinese tertiary hospitals, 2017-2023, minimum two-year follow-up) compared total elbow arthroplasty, open osteocapsular arthroplasty, and arthroscopic osteocapsular arthroplasty for primary elbow osteoarthritis using generalized overlap weighting to address covariate imbalance. Co-primary outcomes were percentage of lost motion recovered and flexion, extension arc at two years, alongside cost-effectiveness. The results support the hypothesis that joint-preserving osteocapsular arthroplasty achieves greater motion recovery at lower cost than total elbow arthroplasty, informing surgical selection for primary elbow OA.
8. Kerzner B, Jan K, Hornung AL, et al. Total Elbow Arthroplasty: Tips and Tricks in the Setting of Arthritis and Fracture Care. Arthroscopy Techniques 2026. doi:10.1002/atn2.70209
This technical note presents the authors' current technique for total elbow arthroplasty, incorporating evidence-based advances from the past two decades. It provides practical guidance on implant selection, surgical approach, triceps management, and the relative indications for arthroplasty versus open reduction internal fixation in distal humerus fractures. The pearls aim to make TEA more reproducible and reliable in both arthritis and fracture settings.
12. Zari DS, Norman D. Mechanical failure of the Latitude total elbow prosthesis. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100726
This review examines mechanical failure modes of the Latitude convertible total elbow prosthesis, including ulnar cap tab failure and issues arising in the setting of distal humerus fracture. It highlights the importance of recognizing prosthesis-specific failure mechanisms to guide appropriate implant selection, surgical technique, and revision planning in total elbow arthroplasty.
14. Satalich J, Savsani K, Setliff J, et al. Total elbow arthroplasty—a historical review. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100717
This historical review traces the evolution of total elbow arthroplasty implant designs, analyzing reasons for failure including aseptic loosening, wear, periprosthetic fracture, infection, and instability across successive implant generations. Advances such as highly cross-linked polyethylene, refined biomechanics, and better patient selection have improved outcomes, though challenges persist in younger and higher-demand patients, informing current implant choice and surgical strategy.
61. Guo J, Kholinne E, Ben H, et al. Serial Comparison of Clinical Outcomes After Arthroscopic Circumferential Release for Severe and Nonsevere Posttraumatic Elbow Stiffness. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/23259671261450556
This retrospective cohort study compared outcomes after arthroscopic circumferential release in 46 patients with severe (arc <60°) versus nonsevere posttraumatic elbow stiffness. Both groups achieved comparable serial improvements in range of motion, patient-reported outcomes, and complication rates over 12 months. Severe stiffness should not be considered a contraindication to arthroscopic release in appropriately selected patients.
97. Federico AA, Tarcea A, Kayvani S, et al. Revision total elbow arthroplasty for aseptic and septic nonunion of distal humerus fractures: a case series. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100765
This retrospective case series compared outcomes of revision total elbow arthroplasty performed for aseptic versus septic nonunion of distal humerus fractures. Findings inform surgical decision-making when repeat fixation fails in osteoporotic patients, suggesting conversion to TEA is a viable salvage option, though septic nonunions may carry a distinct risk profile requiring staged management.
103. Kwee E, Zuidam JM, Debeij J, et al. Cadaveric Feasibility of Elbow Joint Denervation Through a Single Posterior Incision. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100851
This cadaveric study tested the feasibility of elbow joint denervation performed through a single posterior incision. The technique proved anatomically feasible, offering a simplified surgical approach that could make denervation a more accessible option for elbow pain while avoiding the morbidity of multiple incisions.
Distal Biceps and Epicondylitis (9)¶
11. Siebenlist S, Doucas A, Hatt FL, et al. Short- to mid-term clinical outcomes and return to sport and work after arthroscopic debridement of the extensor carpi radialis brevis in patients with chronic lateral epicondylopathy. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery 2026. doi:10.1007/s00402-026-06456-4
This retrospective case series evaluated 30 patients (of 35 eligible) undergoing arthroscopic debridement of the extensor carpi radialis brevis for chronic lateral epicondylopathy, assessed at minimum 12 months using MEPS, PRTEE, DASH, VAS, strength, and ROM measures. The results support arthroscopic ECRB debridement as an effective option for refractory lateral epicondylopathy, with favourable patient-reported outcomes, pain relief, and return to sport and work.
19. Saini J, Morrison L, Bugajski T, et al. Comparison of functional and patient-reported outcomes following acute, chronic, and nonoperative distal biceps tendon rupture treatments. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100728
In a single-center retrospective study, 60 patients at least 1 year after complete distal biceps tendon rupture were compared across four treatments, direct repair, allograft reconstruction, high-flexion angle repair, and nonoperative management, using isokinetic dynamometry of supination and elbow flexion plus patient-reported outcomes. Within-group comparisons showed injured limbs remained weaker than the healthy contralateral limb, with differences in strength and endurance among treatment groups. The findings help guide treatment selection and patient counseling regarding expected functional recovery after distal biceps rupture.
55. Reichel LM, Ring D. Re: Early Postoperative Complications Following Partial Distal Biceps Tendon Surgical Repair. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.03.017
In this letter to the editor, Reichel and Ring critique Fones et al.'s study of early postoperative complications after partial distal biceps tendon repair, arguing the study methodology and framing normalize surgery for a condition (distal biceps tendinopathy) that is largely optional to treat operatively and usually resolves nonoperatively. They cite evidence, including Mayo Clinic data, showing good outcomes with nonoperative management. Readers should interpret surgical case series for partial distal biceps tears cautiously, recognizing the paucity of comparative evidence and the generally favorable natural history of tendinopathy.
59. Nadeem SM, Yousafzai H, Haque O, et al. Cortical Button and Suture Anchor Fixation for Distal Biceps Tendon Repair Provide Similar Clinical Outcomes and Complication Profiles: A Systematic Review. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.07.033
This systematic review and meta-analysis compared cortical button versus suture anchor fixation for distal biceps tendon repair across ten comparative studies including 1,757 patients. Pooled analysis showed similar clinical outcomes and complication profiles between the two fixation methods. Surgeons can choose either implant based on preference and familiarity, as neither demonstrated a clear superiority in safety or function.
74. Bradley JP, Herman ZJ, Mohr DS, et al. Poster 199. Comprehensive Conservative Treatment and Surgical Management of Common Flexor Tendon and Common Extensor Tendon Tears, 200 Consecutive Cases with Average 9 Year Follow-up. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00496
This retrospective series reviewed 200 consecutive common flexor and extensor tendon repairs after failed conservative treatment of medial/lateral epicondylitis, averaging 9 years follow-up, and described a technique using complete tendon origin elevation with bone tunnels and mattress sutures. It identified factors contributing to conservative treatment failure and reported patient outcomes after surgery. The results support a reproducible surgical option for recalcitrant epicondylitis with durable long-term outcomes.
77. Cunningham BP, Puckett HD, Moen R, et al. Poster 205. Cost Analysis of Different Fixation Techniques for Distal Biceps Ruptures Using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00502
This single-system retrospective review applied time-driven activity-based costing to compare day-of-surgery costs of different distal biceps fixation implants (kits, buttons, screws, anchors) in primary repairs from 2018-2025, also capturing operative characteristics and retear/revision rates. Given similar clinical outcomes across fixation methods, cost became the key differentiator. The findings can guide cost-conscious implant selection without compromising outcomes.
79. Dai J, Gutierrez E, Deckard E, et al. Paper 30. Comparative Outcomes of Distal Biceps Tendon Repair in Patients With and Without Testosterone Therapy. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00288
This TriNetX database cohort study compared postoperative outcomes after distal biceps tendon repair between adult males with prior testosterone replacement therapy prescriptions and matched controls without exogenous testosterone use (2005-2025). It addressed whether TRT, a known risk factor for tendon rupture, also affects surgical outcomes. Results inform perioperative counseling and outcome expectations for the growing population of TRT users undergoing distal biceps repair.
89. Chen L, Berzolla E, Shelbaya S, et al. Poster 206. Chronic Distal Biceps Reconstruction Using Achilles Allograft Demonstrates Excellent Satisfaction and Functional Recovery: A Retrospective Cohort Study with Mean 4-Year Follow-Up. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00503
A retrospective cohort study evaluated chronic distal biceps tendon reconstruction using an Achilles allograft with the BRAIDS technique, with mean 4-year follow-up assessing satisfaction, strength, and cosmesis. The technique demonstrated excellent patient satisfaction and functional recovery of elbow flexion and supination despite residual cosmetic deformity. This supports Achilles allograft interposition as a reliable option when chronic retraction and scarring preclude primary repair.
98. Sebastiani RS, Herman ZJ, Rothrauff BB, et al. Clinical outcomes following treatment of distal biceps tendon partial tears and tendinopathy: a systematic review. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100770
This systematic review summarized operative and nonoperative treatment outcomes for distal biceps tendon partial tears and tendinopathy. It found the evidence base remains limited and heterogeneous, with no clear superiority of one approach, underscoring the need for individualized treatment decisions and higher-quality comparative studies to define surgical indications.
Elbow Biomechanics and Nerves (7)¶
1. Albdewi MJ, Malessy MJ, Saadeh YS. Intraoperative electrodiagnostic testing as a decision-making tool for neonatal brachial plexus palsy: a scoping review. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2026. doi:10.1177/17531934261478357
This scoping review (PRISMA-guided; nine studies, mostly retrospective) examined intraoperative electrodiagnostic techniques, nerve action potentials, SSEPs, MEPs, CMAPs, and EMG, in surgery for neonatal brachial plexus palsy. It found substantial heterogeneity in how these modalities were applied to guide decisions between neurolysis and nerve reconstruction, with no standardised approach. Clinically, intraoperative electrodiagnosis cannot yet be recommended as a reliable decision-making tool in neonatal brachial plexus surgery, highlighting the need for standardised protocols and prospective validation.
2. Daliri M, Khosravi F, Jamali J, et al. What clusters exist among the health care personnel screened for upper extremity musculoskeletal conditions?. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2026. doi:10.1186/s12891-025-09107-8
In a cross-sectional study of 4,635 healthcare workers screened by interview and physical examination, latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of upper extremity musculoskeletal conditions (CTS, lateral epicondylitis, TMC osteoarthritis, DeQuervain tendinopathy, trigger digit, ganglion cyst, rotator cuff tendinopathy), including analyses among the 713 with at least one condition. The study identified distinct latent clusters of these conditions among individuals not seeking care, characterized by biopsychosocial factors. The findings suggest that recognizing these latent subgroups could inform personalized, comprehensive management strategies for patients presenting with upper extremity complaints.
5. Graham K, Jain NS, Kaufmann RA. Quantifying the Center of Elbow Rotation in Relation to the Capitellum: Implications for Lateral Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction. HAND 2026. doi:10.1177/15589447261453555
Using three-dimensional CT modeling of 29 nonarthritic elbows, the authors quantified the centerline of ulnohumeral joint rotation (CLOR) projected onto the lateral epicondyle and its relationship to the geometric center of the capitellum. They found a consistent region on the lateral epicondyle corresponding to the capitellar center, confirming the hypothesis that the rotational center lies near the capitellum's geometric center. This provides anatomic guidance for isometric femoral tunnel placement in lateral ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, potentially improving outcomes for posterolateral rotatory instability.
6. Lee KK, Sadeh O, Barrientos A, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Concomitant Versus Isolated Carpal and Cubital Tunnel Syndromes: A Prospective Cohort Study. HAND 2026. doi:10.1177/15589447261475385
In this prospective cohort of 86 adults (32 isolated carpal tunnel syndrome, 26 isolated cubital tunnel syndrome, 28 concomitant), standardised examinations compared sensory findings and objective motor impairment across groups. Concomitant CTS/CuTS was characterized by greater objective motor impairment than either isolated entrapment, supporting it as a distinct clinical subgroup. Clinicians should screen for dual compression and may need more aggressive or combined management when both entrapments coexist.
7. Nakadai M, Yoda T, Suzuki N, et al. Finite element analysis of pin configurations used for paediatric supracondylar humeral fractures in an adult humerus model: evaluation of a condylo-trochlear sulcus technique. International Orthopaedics 2026. doi:10.1007/s00264-026-06985-y
Finite element analysis based on quantitative CT data from a single adult humerus compared a two-lateral-pin plus condylo-trochlear sulcus pin configuration (L2C1) with four other lateral-entry and crossed pin configurations for a transverse distal humeral fracture model under six loading modes. L2C1 provided the greatest stability in extension, varus, and valgus, while crossed pinning was superior in rotation, with L2C1 comparable to lateral three-pin fixation. The technique may offer an all-lateral alternative with favourable stability, but anatomical, experimental, and clinical validation is required before paediatric application.
32. Hatori Y, Tajika T, Shitara H, et al. Is the degree of carrying angle associated with ulnar nerve instability? A cross-sectional study of high school baseball pitchers. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100724
In this cross-sectional study, 106 high school baseball pitchers underwent off-season ultrasound examination to classify ulnar nerve instability (none, subluxation, dislocation) and measure carrying angle, joint space, grip and pinch strength, and symptoms. The study tested whether the degree of carrying angle correlates with ulnar nerve instability severity, given that pitchers reportedly have increased carrying angles and higher rates of nerve instability. Results clarify whether elbow alignment should be considered when screening or counseling young pitchers for ulnar nerve pathology.
94. Hainzer L, Braun S, Reichkendler M, et al. Anatomical Feasibility of Using Shark Screw® Tendon for Humeral Ligament Reconstruction in Medial and Posterolateral Elbow Instability. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101786
An anatomical feasibility study evaluated the Shark Screw tendon allograft for humeral-sided ligament reconstruction in medial (UCL) and posterolateral elbow instability. The graft's dimensions and handling characteristics were found anatomically suitable for recreating the humeral origin of these ligaments. This supports its potential as an alternative graft source when autograft tissue is unavailable or insufficient.
Other articles this month¶
10. Howard M, Thomas W, Evans J, et al. Pre-operative biopsies in the revision setting – helpful or harmful?. Shoulder & Elbow 2026. doi:10.1177/17585732261474495
This single-center study of 81 presumed aseptic revision shoulder and elbow procedures compared outcomes in patients who did (n=40) or did not (n=41) receive pre-operative biopsies. Pre-revision biopsies showed low sensitivity (54%) and inconsistent management value, some positive cases had cleared infection at revision while some negative cases had new infection identified intraoperatively, suggesting routine pre-revision biopsies may be of limited utility and that intraoperative sampling remains essential.
13. Judkins BL, Marston GA, Broughton P, et al. Large-volume hydrodilatation under suprascapular nerve block for the treatment of shoulder adhesive capsulitis. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100704
Seventy-one patients with adhesive capsulitis or postoperative shoulder stiffness underwent ultrasound-guided large-volume hydrodilatation (up to 110 cc saline with corticosteroid) performed under suprascapular nerve block, with ROM measured before and after and PROMs at 6+ months. The protocol produced immediate ROM gains and favourable patient-reported outcomes, supporting this technique as an effective, well-tolerated office-based treatment option that may avoid or delay surgery.
15. Scott TA, Rabinowitz JM, Barnes CL, et al. Impact of osteoporosis on post-operative outcomes following rotator cuff repair. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100723
Using the PearlDiver Mariner database with 1:1 propensity matching, this study compared 2-year outcomes after rotator cuff repair in patients with versus without osteoporosis, including revision surgery, conversion to reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, pathological humerus fracture, and 90-day complications. Osteoporosis was associated with increased post-operative complications and healthcare utilisation, underscoring the need for heightened surveillance and possibly modified rehabilitation in osteoporotic patients undergoing RCR.
16. Nocek M, Villegas Meza AD, Herrmann CB, et al. A bibliometric and thematic analysis of the 100 most cited articles on posterior shoulder instability. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100710
This bibliometric analysis identified and characterized the 100 most-cited articles on posterior shoulder instability from 1978 to 2021 (citations 28-160, mean ~60), with most published in the 2010s. The analysis maps the field's intellectual foundations, key contributors, and thematic trends, providing clinicians and researchers a reference point for the most influential literature and highlighting areas of evolving focus in posterior shoulder instability.
17. Sahara W, Hirose T, Kiyomoto M, et al. A novel magnetic resonance imaging–based classification of subscapularis muscle atrophy: reproducibility and clinical relevance. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100720
The authors developed a novel MRI-based classification of subscapularis muscle atrophy on the Y-shaped oblique sagittal view, grading atrophy as none, mild, moderate, or severe based on cranial-to-caudal progression in 72 shoulders undergoing rotator cuff repair or reverse shoulder arthroplasty. The classification demonstrated reproducibility and correlated with clinical parameters. It offers a simple, standardised preoperative tool for assessing subscapularis atrophy to guide surgical decision-making in cuff tear management.
18. Ohlsen SM, Pirkle SB, Yang J, et al. Do ChatGPT and Gemini provide accurate answers to patient questions about glenohumeral arthritis?. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100715
ChatGPT and Gemini were queried with patient questions based on strong- and moderate-strength recommendations from the AAOS clinical practice guideline for glenohumeral arthritis, with responses graded as agree, neutral, or disagree by two independent reviewers. Interobserver reliability was high (Cohen's kappa), and Fisher's exact test compared accuracy between models. The study informs clinicians and patients about the reliability of large language models for arthritis education and highlights where AI-generated advice may diverge from evidence-based guidelines.
20. Stamiris D, Stamiris S, Solovos EM, et al. Primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in patients aged ≤65 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100722
This systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 studies evaluated primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in patients aged 65 years or younger with at least 2 years of follow-up. Cuff tear arthropathy, massive cuff tears, and glenohumeral osteoarthritis were the leading indications; rTSA significantly improved range of motion and all major patient-reported outcome measures, with an overall complication rate of 14.23% and a reported revision rate. The results support rTSA as a reasonable option in younger patients while underscoring the need for longer-term surveillance of implant survival.
22. Boissinot T, Lefebvre Y. Open Hill-Sachs remplissage associated with glenoid bone block: a single deltopectoral approach. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100706
This technical note describes an open surgical technique combining Hill-Sachs remplissage with a glenoid bone block (Latarjet or Eden-Hybinette) through a single deltopectoral approach for shoulder instability with bipolar bone loss. The approach addresses off-track Hill-Sachs lesions and risk factors for recurrence after isolated Latarjet, such as hyperlaxity and revision settings. It provides surgeons with an open alternative for managing bipolar glenohumeral bone loss when arthroscopic or coracoid-based options alone may be insufficient.
23. Akhoundzadeh D, van Wonderen SF, Hepkema BW, et al. Treatment of extra-articular scapula fracture malunion using pre-operative three-dimentional printing: a case report and overview of the literature. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100716
This case report with literature overview describes the management of an extra-articular scapula fracture malunion using preoperative three-dimensional printing to plan corrective surgery. The 3D-printed models facilitated preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance for deformity correction. The report illustrates the utility of 3D printing technology in complex scapular malunion reconstruction, where standard imaging and planning may be inadequate.
24. Zediker CR, Srivastava A, Taha R, et al. Upper extremity lacrosse injuries presenting to United States emergency departments – 10 year review. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100731
Using National Electronic Injury Surveillance System data from 2014 to 2023, this study estimated national trends in lacrosse-related upper extremity injuries presenting to U.S. emergency departments, yielding an estimated 38,731 injuries. The shoulder (25.6%) and fingers (20.4%) were the most commonly injured sites, followed by the lower arm, wrist, hand, elbow, and upper arm. These epidemiologic data can inform injury prevention strategies, protective equipment design, and resource allocation as lacrosse participation grows.
25. Sumpter AE, Mathews CG, Kuhn JE. Pectoralis major sternal head tendon transfer for neurogenic scapular winging: technique and case report. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100727
The authors describe a surgical technique using pectoralis major sternal head tendon transfer to treat medial scapular winging from long thoracic nerve palsy with serratus anterior dysfunction, illustrated by a case report. The technique provides a salvage option when conservative management and nerve recovery fail. It expands the operative armamentarium for disabling neurogenic scapular winging.
26. Isenberg A, Gagnon J, Maunder D, et al. A systematic review of surgical treatment of reverse shoulder arthroplasty associated acromial and scapular spine stress fractures. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100733
This systematic review of 11 studies compared operative versus nonoperative management of acromial and scapular spine stress fractures after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (88 surgically managed fractures). Operative fixation achieved higher union rates (69%-100%) than nonoperative treatment (30%-79%), with statistical significance shown only for acute Levy II/III fractures treated within 6 weeks. Clinically, early recognition and prompt surgical fixation of acute displaced fracture patterns may optimise healing, while treatment selection for other patterns remains individualized.
27. Shinwari H, Butt A, Shinwari HT, et al. Impact of enhanced recovery after surgery protocols on patient-reported outcomes and satisfaction following shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100725
This systematic review of 18 studies (1,722 patients) evaluated enhanced recovery after surgery protocols, rehabilitation timing and analgesic regimens, following anatomic and reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Delayed rehabilitation after reverse arthroplasty improved early pain and function scores at 6 months without compromising long-term outcomes. Findings support tailoring early rehabilitation intensity after reverse arthroplasty while suggesting enhanced recovery pathways can safely improve perioperative care.
28. Walch A, Jacquot A, Grosclaude S, et al. Rotator cuff sparing approach for shoulder arthroplasty. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100738
This technical note presents a rotator cuff-sparing (subscapularis-sparing) approach for shoulder arthroplasty that works through the rotator interval, avoiding subscapularis peel, tenotomy, or lesser tuberosity osteotomy. The rationale is that subscapularis management is a key determinant of arthroplasty outcomes, with reported healing rates of roughly 74%-76% for conventional techniques versus 95.8% for lesser tuberosity osteotomy. The approach aims to preserve subscapularis integrity and reduce postoperative subscapularis insufficiency.
29. Kolac UC, Paksoy A, Erkan DD, et al. Shoulder and genetics: what orthopedic surgeons need to know. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100730
This narrative review summarizes genetic and molecular evidence for common shoulder disorders, drawing on family studies, genome-wide association studies, transcriptomics, and causal inference approaches. Rotator cuff disease and adhesive capsulitis show the strongest heritable susceptibility, implicating extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation, and fibrosis pathways, while glenohumeral osteoarthritis and instability show weaker or more limited shoulder-specific genetic data. Clinicians should recognize that inherited factors may influence disease susceptibility and treatment response, with potential future implications for risk stratification and personalized management.
30. Dong K, Davis DE, Ilyas AM. The impact of nicotine dependence on postoperative complications following humeral shaft fracture repair. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100732
Using the TriNetX US Collaborative Network database, adults undergoing plate-and-screw or intramedullary fixation of humeral shaft fractures (2005-2025) were propensity score-matched by nicotine dependence status to compare postoperative complications. The study tested whether nicotine-dependent patients experience higher complication and reoperation rates after surgical fixation. Results inform preoperative counseling and risk optimization regarding smoking cessation before humeral shaft fracture surgery.
31. Phan N, Sayegh G, Cal EM, et al. Scapular open reduction internal fixation using a distal clavicle plate: a surgical technique. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100741
This technical note describes open reduction internal fixation of displaced extra-articular scapular body fractures using a distal clavicle plate via a Judet approach, including dual plating considerations. Scapular fractures are rare (<1% of fractures) and usually high-energy, with displaced body fractures requiring surgical stabilisation to restore alignment. The technique offers a practical plating option for surgeons managing these uncommon injuries.
33. Ghabi A, Guetari C, Di Gioia D, et al. Reconstruction of complex distal humeral bone loss with osteoarticular massive allograft, latissimus dorsi flap, and ligament–tendon allograft reconstruction: a technical note. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100737
The authors describe a surgical technique for managing massive distal humeral bone loss (after ballistic trauma) using an osteoarticular massive allograft combined with a latissimus dorsi flap and ligament, tendon allograft reconstruction. The technical note outlines graft preparation, soft-tissue coverage, and elbow ligamentous reconstruction. It suggests this composite approach can be a limb-salvaging option for complex elbow bone and soft-tissue defects when standard reconstruction is not feasible.
34. Arvesen JE, Dinulescu AL, Lampe KC, et al. Osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral head: a pediatric case series. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100739
This paediatric case series reports on children with osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral head, a rare osteochondral lesion of the glenohumeral joint. Patients were evaluated and treated (including osteochondral allograft transplantation in some cases) with clinical and rehabilitation follow-up. The series provides insight into presentation and outcomes, supporting osteochondral allograft reconstruction as a treatment option for symptomatic humeral head OCD in skeletally immature patients.
35. Moore JW, Northrop MA, Guareschi ME, et al. Biomechanical evaluation of acromion and scapular spine fracture repair techniques systematic review. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100714
This systematic review identified 5 biomechanical studies (89 shoulders, synthetic and cadaveric scapulae) evaluating fixation techniques for acromion and scapular spine fractures after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Most studies examined Levy type III fractures, and several compared double plating (e.g., 90-90 configured 3.5-mm plus 2.7-mm locking plates) to single plating constructs. The findings help guide surgeons toward biomechanically stronger fixation strategies for this complication, though the evidence base remains small.
36. Möckel LFF, Scheibel M, Imiolczyk J. Clinical and structural midterm follow-up after surgical treatment of a traumatic delaminating chondral lesion of the humeral head using the minced cartilage technique: a case report. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100729
This case report describes surgical treatment of a traumatic delaminating chondral lesion of the humeral head using the minced cartilage (AutoCart) technique, with midterm clinical and structural follow-up including arthroscopic assessment. The authors report favourable clinical outcomes and evidence of cartilage repair at second-look evaluation. The report supports minced cartilage implantation as a viable cartilage-restoring option for traumatic humeral head chondral defects.
37. Pulido Cloquell I, Sepulle J, Silva Corten LC, et al. Recurrent upper limb ischemia caused by clavicular pseudarthrosis: an orthopedic cause of arterial thoracic outlet syndrome. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100740
This case report presents recurrent upper limb ischemia caused by clavicular pseudarthrosis acting as an orthopaedic source of arterial thoracic outlet syndrome. Vascular compression from the nonunited clavicle was identified and treated surgically. The report highlights that clavicular nonunion/malunion should be considered in the differential of unexplained upper extremity arterial ischemia, and that orthopaedic fixation can resolve the vascular symptoms.
38. Hitchens H, Fang WH, Mo K, et al. Histologic outcomes of rotator cuff patch augmentation: a literature review. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100721
This literature review (42 studies via PRISMA-guided search) evaluated histologic and biochemical outcomes of patch augmentation in rotator cuff repair, comparing scaffold materials. Dermal matrix patches showed early neovascularization and collagen synthesis but incomplete fibrocartilage and persistent type III collagen; ECM-derived patches improved collagen alignment but triggered inflammation; synthetic polymers produced dense type I collagen with variable immune reactions; biologically augmented scaffolds achieved high collagen density with minimal macrophage response. The review informs scaffold selection based on biologic healing properties at the tendon-bone interface.
39. Lin RT, Charles S, Dadoo S, et al. Remplissage for “on-track” shoulders yields similar overall but different short-term game participation outcomes vs. Bankart repair alone. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100736
This retrospective study used online sports databases to compare return-to-play rates and games played in athletes aged 14-40 with on-track Hill-Sachs lesions undergoing arthroscopic Bankart repair alone versus Bankart repair with remplissage (2007-2022). Overall return-to-play and relative games played were similar between groups, though short-term game participation differed in the initial postoperative seasons. The findings suggest remplissage for on-track lesions does not compromise long-term athletic participation, supporting its use without added long-term performance penalty.
40. Mizuno N, Kotani Y, Nakagawa S, et al. Coracoid bending for refractory anterior upper arm pain after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100750
The authors describe coracoid bending as a surgical approach for refractory anterior upper arm pain after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, attributed to coracoid process/conjoint tendon impingement from humeral distalization. The technique addresses the mechanical source of pain when conservative measures fail. It offers a targeted treatment option for this underrecognized cause of persistent anterior pain following rTSA.
41. Kosco ED, LaMontagne M, Kapoor N, et al. Surgical management of a traumatic periprosthetic glenoid fracture following a reverse shoulder arthroplasty. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100745
This case report describes the surgical management of a traumatic periprosthetic glenoid fracture with baseplate failure after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. It details the operative decision-making and reconstruction strategy for this rare complication. The clinical implication is that surgeons should be aware of glenoid fracture patterns after reverse arthroplasty and the options for baseplate revision.
42. Liu S, Chen AL, Mircoff SE, et al. Pectoralis major tendon repair outcomes: comparison of transosseous tunnel and cortical button fixation techniques. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100742
This retrospective cohort study compared clinical and patient-reported outcomes of cortical button versus transosseous tunnel fixation for pectoralis major tendon ruptures in 19 patients at a median 48-month follow-up. Both techniques produced comparable outcomes, with no clear superiority of one method. The clinical implication is that cortical button fixation, which avoids humeral stress risers, is a reasonable alternative to the traditional transosseous gold standard.
43. Yoshimura S, Fujita K, Yamazaki M, et al. The entrapment of a rotator cuff tendon in a child: a rare case of low-energy traumatic rotator cuff tear. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100743
This case report describes a rare low-energy traumatic rotator cuff tear with tendon entrapment in a child, presenting as shoulder pseudo-paralysis. Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair was performed to address the entrapped tendon. The clinical implication is that traumatic rotator cuff tears should be considered in paediatric patients after even low-energy trauma, where early recognition and repair can restore function.
44. Sewpaul Y, Monga P, Petermann M. Biomechanics of custom glenoid components in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty—a narrative review of concepts for surgeons. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100755
This narrative review synthesizes biomechanical principles and surgical considerations for 3D-printed custom glenoid components in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for severe glenoid bone loss. Key findings are that implant stability is enhanced by secure central peg fixation, porous press-fit interfaces, maximised bone-implant contact, and avoidance of excessive lateralization that increases torque and failure risk. The clinical implication is that CT-based preoperative planning and tailored peg/screw placement can improve fixation in compromised bone, though long-term outcome data are still needed.
45. Nyffeler RW. Intraoperative assessment of glenohumeral impingement during total shoulder arthroplasty. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100744
This technical note describes methods for intraoperative assessment of glenohumeral impingement during anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty. It addresses how prosthetic fit and humeral osteotomy level relate to impingement, which contributes to polyethylene wear and glenoid component loosening, the main long-term complications of anatomic arthroplasty. The clinical implication is that systematic intraoperative impingement testing may help optimise implant positioning and improve long-term implant survival.
46. Sun L, Lu C, Ji T, et al. An observation of the relation between the cyst on magnetic resonance imaging at bare-area of humeral head and the adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100749
This retrospective study of 138 patients with primary idiopathic adhesive capsulitis and 114 controls investigated the association between humeral head bare-area cysts on MRI and adhesive capsulitis. The findings suggest bare-area cysts are associated with adhesive capsulitis and may serve as a diagnostic imaging marker alongside other MRI features. The clinical implication is that identification of these cysts on MRI can support the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis, particularly when clinical findings such as loss of external rotation are evaluated.
47. Giovannetti de Sanctis E, Bige B, Bronsard N, et al. The ORIN—open reduction and intramedullary nailing—technique for 4-part proximal humerus fractures. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100746
This technical note presents the ORIN technique, open reduction combined with intramedullary nailing, for 4-part proximal humerus fractures, an injury pattern with high complication rates and ongoing debate over optimal fixation. The technique combines open fracture management with antegrade nailing to address fragment instability and tuberosity displacement. The clinical implication is that ORIN offers an alternative to locking plates and reverse arthroplasty in select patients with a compromised but salvageable humeral head.
48. Mili-Schmidt V, Hallberg K, Axenhus M. Swedish trends in excision arthroplasty of the acromioclavicular joint during 2008-2023: a population-based register study. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100751
This population-based register study analyzed 41,555 acromioclavicular joint excision arthroplasties in Sweden from 2008 to 2023, with forecasting to 2040. Incidence rates rose substantially in both sexes (men from 14.6 to 45.3 and women from 10.4 to 32.6 per 100,000), with men consistently undergoing more procedures. The clinical implication is that AC joint excision is increasing nationally, and surgeons should anticipate growing demand for this procedure in the coming decades.
49. Kawa Shaheen S, Doyscher R, Scheibel M. Metal-free interconnected knotless anchor fixation for arthroscopic posterior glenoid bone block augmentation with subscapularis transfer in a professional soccer goalkeeper: a case report. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100756
The authors performed arthroscopic posterior glenoid bone block augmentation using iliac crest autograft fixed with metal-free interconnected PEEK knotless anchors, combined with subscapularis transfer, in a professional soccer goalkeeper with posterior shoulder instability and glenoid bone loss with a reverse Hill-Sachs lesion. The technique avoided metal hardware while providing stable graft fixation and addressable humeral head defect. This case suggests an all-arthroscopic, metal-free construct may permit return to high-demand overhead athletics in athletes with complex posterior instability.
50. Redler A, Maggiori A, Caiolo V, et al. Closed reduction of acute posterior shoulder dislocation via intra-articular anesthesia: a case report and technical note. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100747
The authors report a technical note and case of closed reduction of an acute posterior shoulder dislocation performed under intra-articular local anaesthetic alone, without sedation or general anaesthesia. Reduction was achieved successfully and painlessly in the emergency setting. This supports intra-articular anaesthesia as a simple, well-tolerated alternative for acute posterior dislocation reduction that may avoid systemic anaesthesia risks and resource use.
51. Vijittrakarnrung C, Temtheerakij T, Lertwiram P. Recurrent inferior shoulder subluxation secondary to incidental traumatic plexitis following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100754
The authors describe a patient who developed recurrent inferior shoulder subluxation after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, attributed to incidental traumatic brachial plexitis rather than a direct surgical nerve injury, diagnosed via electromyography. The plexitis caused deltoid atony leading to inferior humeral head subluxation, consistent with a double-crush phenomenon. Clinicians should consider brachial plexitis in the differential for delayed inferior subluxation after shoulder arthroscopy, as some cases may recover spontaneously rather than requiring revision surgery.
52. Bushnell BD, Boes N, Cil A, et al. Augmentation for rotator cuff repair – clinical use patterns and limited patient access: the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons bio-advocacy work group survey. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100748
The ASES bio-advocacy work group distributed a 12-question survey to 1,210 ASES members (103 respondents, 8.5% response rate) to quantify clinical use patterns of rotator cuff repair augmentation and barriers to patient access. Respondents reported substantial use of augmentation, particularly to reduce retear rates, along with significant restrictions limiting access to augmentation technologies. The findings support advocacy efforts and consensus statements aimed at expanding patient access to rotator cuff augmentation for appropriately selected patients.
53. Adan FO, Harley JD, Banks EM, et al. Open reduction and pin fixation of displaced adolescent proximal humerus fractures: surgical technique and illustrative case series. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100752
The authors present a surgical technique and illustrative case series for open reduction and percutaneous pin fixation of displaced proximal humerus fractures in adolescents, including skeletally immature patients. The technique aims to restore anatomy and stability in displaced fractures unsuitable for closed management. This approach offers a reproducible operative option for adolescent proximal humerus fractures, though larger series are needed to confirm safety and outcomes.
54. (Jed) Kuhn JE, Mallon WJ. Introduction of a JSES Manuscript Processing Fee. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.07.019
The JSES editors announce introduction of a manuscript processing fee for submissions to the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery and its family of journals. The editorial outlines the new fee policy for authors. Authors submitting to JSES should anticipate this processing charge as part of the journal's operations.
58. Tsukahara Y, Jyoto E, Sato R. Risk of Shoulder/Elbow Injuries and Imaging Abnormalities in Female Collegiate Baseball and Softball Players. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.07.026
This cross-sectional study assessed self-reported symptoms and diagnostic ultrasound findings in 67 female collegiate baseball and softball players. Shoulder pain was common (36% softball, 64% baseball) and abnormal shoulder ultrasound findings were nearly universal (79-100%), indicating a high subclinical injury burden in female overhead athletes. Clinicians should screen female collegiate throwers for shoulder pathology even in the absence of reported symptoms.
62. Cheng K, Zappa RM, Jump IP, et al. Segmental Momentum Sequencing: Implication for Injury and Performance Between Collegiate Pitchers With Different Arm Slots. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/23259671261453310
This descriptive laboratory study used markerless motion capture and radar tracking in 363 NCAA Division I pitchers to quantify the timing of peak segmental angular momentum across overhead, three-quarter, and sidearm arm slots. The relative sequencing of torso, upper arm, forearm, and hand momentum predicted ball velocity and shoulder/elbow joint loads, with patterns differing by arm slot. This suggests pitching mechanics and injury-risk counseling should be tailored to individual arm slot styles.
64. Dillon MR, Mastroianni MA, Frappa N, et al. Sidearm Deliveries Are Associated With Lower Shoulder and Elbow Injury Burden and a Favorable Performance Profile in Major League Baseball: A Cohort Study of 927 Pitchers (2020-2025). Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/23259671261470537
This cohort study of 927 MLB pitchers (2020-2025) used Hawk-Eye arm angle data to examine associations between arm slot and shoulder/elbow injured-list burden and performance. Sidearm pitchers (<33.5°) showed lower cumulative shoulder and elbow injured-list days and a favourable performance profile compared with three-quarters and overhand pitchers. Arm slot may be a modifiable consideration in workload management and injury-prevention strategies, though causality cannot be inferred from observational data.
85. Chopra A, Haislup BD, Zhang L, et al. Poster 207. Clinical Outcomes Following Split Anconeus Fascia Transfer for Lateral Ulnar Collateral Reconstruction. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/2325967126s00504
A retrospective case series compared clinical outcomes of split anconeus fascia transfer (SAFT) versus conventional LUCL reconstruction with allo- or autograft for chronic posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI). SAFT avoids ulnar drilling and graft-site morbidity while potentially better reproducing native LUCL kinematics. The study provides evidence to guide surgical selection for PLRI, supporting SAFT as a viable alternative when graft harvest or bony fixation concerns exist.
96. MacLeay C, Murphy J, Giglio V, et al. In older adults undergoing surgical fixation or arthroplasty following upper limb fractures, does frailty predict post-operative complications and mortality? A systematic review and meta-analysis. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100764
This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed whether pre-operative frailty predicts post-operative mortality and complications in older adults undergoing surgical fixation or arthroplasty for upper limb fractures. Frailty was significantly associated with increased post-operative mortality, complications, and adverse secondary outcomes such as non-home discharge. Routine frailty assessment should be incorporated into pre-operative risk stratification and shared decision-making for geriatric upper limb fracture surgery.
101. Movassaghi A, Lubert J, Baran JV, et al. Geographic retention and gender-based trends among orthopedic shoulder and elbow surgeons in the United States. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100771
This database study of American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons members mapped where shoulder and elbow surgeons trained (medical school, residency, fellowship) versus where they ultimately practiced, using U.S. Census regions and top-ranked hospital programs, and analyzed gender-based trends. Results identify regions that retain versus lose subspecialists, informing workforce planning to improve geographic and gender equity in access to shoulder and elbow care.