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Posterolateral corner injury

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Updated Sep 2026
Illustration: knee

What you're feeling

The posterolateral corner is a small cluster of ligaments and tendons on the outer back part of your knee. When these structures are injured, the pain usually sits on the outside or back of the knee. The knee can feel unsteady, as though it wants to give way when you twist or change direction.

This injury often happens alongside damage to other ligaments in the same knee, especially the cruciate ligaments deep inside the joint. That is one reason it can be hard to pin down at first: the signs of several injuries overlap, and the outer corner can be missed while attention stays on the more obvious one. Walking on slopes or stairs, pivoting to reach for something, or standing on one leg can all feel unreliable. You may notice the knee feels loose or rotates outwards when you put weight on it.

The discomfort tends to flare after activity, when the knee has been loaded or twisted. Swelling and stiffness can make the knee hard to bend fully, which turns simple tasks like squatting to a low shelf, kneeling in the garden, or getting into a car into careful operations. Long walks or standing for a stretch of time can leave the outer knee aching.

If the injury came from a high-energy event such as a fall, a collision, or a twist with real force, the whole knee may have felt like it popped out of place. In those moments the outer corner structures are often torn along with other ligaments, and the knee can be left feeling broadly unstable rather than sore in just one spot.

Because this corner is easy to miss on first assessment, it is worth telling your surgeon exactly which movements feel unsafe and where the pain sits. That detail helps build a clear picture of what has been injured and what needs treating.

What's actually happening

The posterolateral corner is a small cluster of ligaments and tendons at the outer back edge of your knee. Think of it as a set of guy ropes that anchor the outer side of the joint and stop it from bowing outwards or twisting too far. The main ligament in this group runs from the end of the thigh bone down to the top of the smaller bone on the outside of your lower leg. Its job is to hold the knee steady when weight pushes through the outer side, and to limit the twisting that turns your lower leg outwards.

When this corner is injured, those guy ropes slacken or tear. The knee can then slide or rotate in ways it was never designed to, which is the looseness and outward rotation you may have noticed. Because the corner also helps control twisting while you bend the knee, slopes, stairs and pivoting movements feel unreliable.

This injury rarely travels alone. It often happens at the same time as damage to one of the cruciate ligaments deep inside the joint. When that happens, the two problems feed each other: a rebuilt cruciate ligament can be overloaded and fail if the outer corner is still loose. That is why missing this corner on first assessment matters, and why your surgeon will check for it carefully.

The injury is often described in grades. A mild grade means the ligaments are stretched but still holding. A severe grade, sometimes called a complete tear, means the corner structures are fully torn and the knee is clearly unstable. Severe grades, especially when other ligaments are torn too, are the ones that tend to need surgery.

One more thing worth knowing: a nerve that supplies feeling and movement to the lower leg runs right past this corner, around the top of that outer bone. It is one reason this injury, and any surgery on it, needs careful planning.

What we can do about it

A careful ligament examination together with an MRI scan is the standard way to work out what has been torn. Even then, this corner of the knee is easy to miss on scans, so we also check for it directly during keyhole surgery if we have any doubt.

For milder injuries where the ligaments are stretched rather than fully torn, we usually start with non-operative care. That means changing how you load the knee, and a course of physiotherapy aimed at building the strength around your hip and thigh and retraining the balance and control that keep the knee steady on slopes, stairs and pivots. We give this a fair trial before talking about anything further.

For injuries where the corner structures are fully torn, especially when other ligaments in the same knee are torn too, we will usually recommend surgery without a waiting period. The operation rebuilds the damaged ligaments at the outer back of the knee, and when a cruciate ligament is torn as well, both are reconstructed in the one procedure. Rebuilding rather than stitching the torn corner tends to hold up better in fresh injuries. When the problem has been there a long time and the knee has gradually loosened, surgery can still help: straightening the leg's alignment and rebuilding the ligaments together can restore enough stability for daily activities and low level sport. Because this corner sits close to a nerve that supplies feeling and movement to the lower leg, we plan the operation carefully around it.

Whether we suggest operating straight away or after a trial of physiotherapy depends on which structures are torn, how loose your knee is, and what you need it to do. We will talk through the options with you and decide together.

What to expect

The outlook depends on how badly the corner is torn and whether other ligaments went with it. A mild stretch, where the ligaments are still holding, often settles with physiotherapy and a change in how you load the knee. A complete tear, especially one that came from a fall, a collision or a twist with real force, does not usually settle on its own. Left alone, the looseness tends to stay, and it can wear down the cartilage inside the joint over time.

Timing matters. When surgery on this corner is delayed more than 4 weeks from the injury, outcomes are less predictable than when it is done early. The same pattern shows up in the knee more broadly: the longer the gap between injury and rebuilding the ligaments, the more likely the joint surfaces have taken a hit. That is one reason your surgeon will want a clear diagnosis early rather than waiting to see how things unfold.

When the corner is rebuilt along with any torn cruciate ligaments, most people regain stability. In one group of patients who had both rebuilt together, 80% reported good results and a knee that held steady in daily life. External rotation, the twisting that turns your lower leg outwards, is restored in the majority of patients. Straightening against outward bowing is restored in most but not all knees. Results tend to be better when the ligaments are rebuilt soon after the injury rather than years later, and people who have had knee ligament surgery before often report a lower quality of life than those who have not.

Be realistic about work and activity. In a group of patients with combined ligament tears, 10% overall had to change jobs because of the knee. For labourers, that figure was 25%. Many people return to daily activities and low level sport, but a knee that has had several ligaments rebuilt may not feel identical to the one you had before the injury. Your surgeon will talk through what a realistic recovery looks like for your knee, your job and the activities you want back.

When to see someone

See your GP promptly after any knee injury where the knee felt like it popped out of place, or where the outer back of the knee is painful and the knee feels loose or gives way. This corner of the knee is easy to miss, and scans do not always pick it up, so it is worth being checked early rather than waiting. Ask for a specialist review if your knee still feels unsteady on slopes, stairs or pivoting movements after a few weeks, or if a previous cruciate ligament reconstruction has started to feel loose. Timing matters here: surgery on this corner works best within the first 4 weeks from the injury, and results are less predictable when it is delayed beyond that.

Reviewed by AI synthesis (v2) — pending human review · 9 September 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Bony Anatomy

  • The bones of the knee are the distal femur, the proximal tibia, and the patella [1].
  • The medial femoral condyle is larger and projects farther posteriorly and distally than the lateral condyle [6].
  • The lateral femoral condyle projects farther anteriorly and is wider in the medial-lateral direction than the medial femoral condyle [6].
  • The sulcus terminalis is a small ridge on the lateral femoral condyle just distal to the intercondylar notch that separates the patellofemoral and tibiofemoral articular surfaces [6].
  • The tibial articular surface slopes 7° to 10° in the sagittal plane [6].
  • The medial tibial plateau is larger than the lateral plateau and is concave in its frontal and sagittal planes [6].
  • The lateral tibial plateau is smaller and more circular than the medial plateau, concave in the frontal plane and convex in the sagittal plane [6].
  • The proximal fibula articulates with a facet of the lateral cortex of the tibia and is not part of the knee articulation [6].
  • The Gerdy’s tubercle is the insertion site of the iliotibial band and is located 2 to 3 cm lateral to the tibial tubercle on the proximal tibia [6].
  • The fibular head is located a mean of 1.5 cm distal to the joint line, with a range of 6 to 32 mm [18].

Ligaments

  • The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) runs from the lateral femoral condyle to the head of the fibula and is the main stabilizer against varus stress [1].
  • The LCL is part of the posterolateral “complex” or “corner” of the knee that also resists external rotation [1].
  • The popliteofibular ligament is present in 90% of knees and runs from the tendon of the popliteus muscle to the styloid on the posterior fibular head [1].
  • The LCL resists varus tibial translation as its primary function and tibial external rotation, especially at 30 degrees of knee flexion, as its secondary function [7].
  • The popliteus tendon resists tibial external rotation, especially in knee flexion, as its primary function and varus tibial translation as its secondary function [7].
  • The popliteofibular ligament resists tibial external rotation, especially in knee flexion, as its primary function and posterior tibial displacement as its secondary function [7].
  • The oblique popliteal ligament resists knee hyperextension as its primary function and varus tibial translation as its secondary function [7].
  • The posterolateral corner (PLC) is made up of the FCL, the iliotibial band, the popliteofibular ligament, the biceps femoris, and the popliteus tendon [24].
  • The PLC resists posterior translation, external rotation, and varus angulation of the tibia [24].
  • The popliteus tendon originates on the posterocentral tibia and inserts anterior and distal to the LCL on the lateral femoral epicondyle [18].
  • The popliteus tendon has an intra-articular course through the popliteal hiatus [18].

Menisci

  • The menisci are C-shaped fibrocartilaginous disks that provide shock absorption, increase congruency between joint surfaces, enhance joint stability, and aid in distribution of synovial fluid [1].
  • The medial meniscus is firmly attached to the joint capsule along its entire peripheral edge [1].
  • The lateral meniscus is attached to the anterior and posterior capsule, but there is a region posterolaterally where it is not firmly attached [1].
  • The lateral meniscus is larger than the medial meniscus and carries a greater share of the lateral compartment pressure than the medial meniscus carries for the medial compartment [1].
  • The lateral meniscus has a more circular C-shape with symmetric sizes of the anterior and posterior horns [15].
  • The popliteomeniscal fascicles extend from the lateral meniscus to the posterior capsule to create the popliteal hiatus [15].
  • The less continuous attachment of the lateral meniscus to the capsule allows for greater meniscal mobility [15].
  • Mean lateral meniscus excursion from knee extension to flexion is 11.2 mm, compared to a mean medial meniscus excursion of 5.1 mm [15].
  • The lateral meniscus covers a larger proportion of the tibial plateau than the medial meniscus [18].
  • The lateral meniscus has a mobility of 10 mm, while the medial meniscus has a mobility of 5 mm [18].

Vascular and Nerve Anatomy

  • The blood supply to the knee is formed from an anastomosis around the knee derived from the descending geniculate artery, medial and lateral superior geniculate arteries, medial and lateral inferior geniculate arteries, middle geniculate artery, and anterior tibial recurrent arteries [6].
  • The inferior geniculate arteries pass deep to their respective collateral ligaments [6].
  • The knee is innervated by branches of the femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4), obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4), and sciatic nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2) [6].
  • The largest nerve providing innervation of the intra-articular knee is the posterior articular branch of the tibial nerve [6].
  • The popliteus artery travels through the adductor hiatus, where it is relatively immobile, and distally through the fibrous arch deep to the soleus muscle [24].
  • The common peroneal nerve travels along the posterior edge of the biceps femoris and continues distally around the fibular neck [24].
  • The tibial nerve courses distally through the center of the popliteus fossa after branching from the sciatic nerve [24].

Pathophysiology and Biomechanics

  • If the menisci are not present, the convex femoral condyles articulate with the relatively flat tibial plateaus, decreasing surface area of contact and increasing pressure on the articular cartilage [1].
  • The medial meniscus has less mobility than the lateral meniscus and is more susceptible to tearing when trapped between the femoral condyle and tibial plateau [1].
  • Biomechanical studies show a significantly higher graft force during varus loading at 0 and 30 degrees of knee flexion after transection of the LCL than with intact posterolateral structures [5].
  • In knees with grade III posterolateral injuries and evidence of varus or coupled posterior-external rotation instability, repair or reconstruction of the posterolateral structures should be performed at the time of PCL reconstruction to decrease the chance of later graft failure [5].
  • The menisci bear one-third to one-half body weight and help with load transmission [19].
  • Removal of the menisci increases contact stresses, with up to four times the load transfer to bone [19].

Investigations

Physical Examination

  • A thorough knee examination should be performed to evaluate for coexisting knee pathology in patients with LCL and/or posterolateral corner injury [31].
  • A careful neurovascular examination should be performed because the incidence of neurovascular injury, particularly peroneal nerve injury, has been reported in 12–29% of posterolateral knee injuries [31].
  • The integrity of the LCL is assessed by placing a varus stress with the knee in full extension and 30 degrees of flexion [31].
  • Baseline varus opening is widely variable and should be compared to the contralateral leg [31].
  • The average baseline for varus opening is 7 degrees [31].
  • Exam findings with an isolated LCL injury include varus laxity at 30 degrees of flexion and no instability in full extension [31].
  • A significant posterolateral knee injury can be present without significant varus laxity [31].
  • The dial test is the most useful test to evaluate for posterolateral instability [31].
  • The dial test is performed by externally rotating each tibia and noting the angle subtended between the thigh and the foot at 30 and 90 degrees of flexion [31].
  • A significant difference in the dial test is an angle 5 degrees or greater than the contralateral leg [31].
  • Greater external rotation at 30 degrees on the dial test confirms injury to the posterolateral capsule alone [31].
  • Greater external rotation at 90 degrees on the dial test confirms an isolated PCL injury [31].
  • Greater rotation at both 30 and 90 degrees compared to the uninjured leg on the dial test confirms injury to both posterolateral capsule and PCL structures [31].
  • The reverse pivot shift test involves starting with the knee flexed to 90 degrees, extending the knee while applying axial load and valgus stress, and holding the foot in external rotation [31].
  • A palpable shift is noted during the reverse pivot shift test as the tibia reduces from its posteriorly subluxed position as the knee is extended [31].
  • The external rotation recurvatum test is performed with the patient supine and the hip and knee fully extended [31].
  • In the external rotation recurvatum test, the leg is lifted off the bed by the toes [31].
  • Hyperextension, varus instability, and external rotation of the tibial tubercle occur with adequate quadriceps relaxation in a patient with posterolateral instability during the external rotation recurvatum test [31].
  • The posterolateral drawer test is performed with the tibia in internal rotation, neutral, and externally rotated positions [31].
  • With posterolateral injury, the magnitude of the posterior drawer displacement is greatest with external tibial rotation [31].
  • An examination under anesthesia is extremely useful, particularly in the acute setting [31].
  • If a patient with a multiligamentous knee injury is taken to the operating room, examining the knee without guarding improves the accuracy of the examination [31].

Imaging Studies

  • A series of knee radiographs should be obtained in any patient with a suspected knee injury [31].
  • Radiographs should be inspected for acute fractures, lateral capsular avulsion (Segond fracture), loose bodies, fibular head avulsions, and evidence of patellar dislocation [31].
  • With chronic posterolateral instability, degenerative changes of the lateral compartment are often noted on radiographs [31].
  • Lateral joint space narrowing with osteophytes and subchondral sclerosis can be seen on radiographs in chronic posterolateral instability [31].
  • Stress radiographs can help to better quantify the amount of varus angulation present [31].
  • MRI is often a useful adjunct for diagnosing posterolateral corner and LCL injuries in the severely injured knee [31].
  • MRI findings can refocus the examination to the posterolateral structures when this injury has gone unnoticed during an initial evaluation [31].
  • Pain and guarding at the time of injury can often obscure posterolateral injury, making MRI an extremely valuable adjunct in diagnosis [31].
  • MRI should be obtained as a useful adjunct to help diagnose posterolateral corner injuries [31].
  • MRI may identify edema, avulsion, or discontinuity for the MCL/lateral collateral ligament (LCL) or associated posteromedial and posterolateral ligamentous complexes [22].

Non-Operative Management

  • Isolated grade I and II tears of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) can be managed with nonsurgical treatment and early rehabilitation [5].
  • Nonsurgical management of isolated grade III LCL injuries produced poor results in clinical studies by Krukaug et al. and Kannus [5].
  • In a cohort of National Football League players, isolated grade III LCL injuries managed nonoperatively were as likely to return to play as those managed surgically and did so more quickly [5].
  • Despite controversial results regarding nonoperative management of grade III LCL injuries in NFL players, the authors recommended surgical treatment for most grade III injuries [5].

Operative Management

  • For acute lateral compartment disruptions, the knee is examined for instability classification and systematic grading after the patient has been anesthetized [5].
  • Systematic arthroscopic examination is usually carried out to assess and rule out other intraarticular pathologic conditions before proceeding with repair or reconstruction of the posterolateral corner [5].
  • Biomechanical studies have shown a significantly higher graft force during varus loading at 0 and 30 degrees of knee flexion after transection of the LCL than with intact posterolateral structures [5].
  • Posteromedial corner injuries have been implicated in anteromedial rotary instability and failed ACL reconstructions [5].
  • The anterolateral ligament (ALL) is not an isometric ligament; its length increases with knee flexion as well as internal rotation [5].
  • The ALL usually originates on the femur, posterior and proximal to the lateral femoral epicondyle, although some have located it either directly on the lateral epicondyle or anterior and distal to the attachment site of the LCL [5].
  • The tibial attachment site of the ALL resides halfway between the center of Gerdy’s tubercle and the anterior margin of the fibular head and 1 cm distal to the joint line [5].
  • The ALL has a mean ultimate load to failure between 50N and 205N, a mean stiffness of 20 to 42 N/mm, and a mean ultimate strain of 36% [5].
  • Cadaver and biomechanical studies have shown the importance of the ALL as a restraint to internal tibial rotation and anterior tibial translation and in preventing the knee pivot shift phenomenon [5].
  • Experimental sectioning of the ALL was found to invariably induce high-grade pivot shifts in ACL-deficient cadaver knees, unlike isolated ACL injury [5].
  • There is no consensus regarding the proper angle of knee flexion at which fixation of ALL reconstruction should occur [5].
  • Anatomic ALL reconstruction at all graft fixation angles significantly overconstrained internal rotation of the knee joint beyond 30 degrees of flexion and at 45 and 60 degrees during the pivot shift test [5].
  • There were no significant kinematic differences between any tested graft fixation angles during anterior drawer, pivot shift, and internal rotation tests [5].
  • Most authors report fixing the ALL reconstruction graft at 30 degrees of flexion to avoid overconstraint [5].
  • Sonnery-Cottet et al. reported full range of motion in 83 patients at a minimum 2-year follow-up after combined reconstructions of the ACL and ALL [5].
  • In the study by Sonnery-Cottet et al., 76 patients had a negative pivot shift and seven had a grade 1 pivot shift after combined ACL and ALL reconstruction [5].
  • Sonnery-Cottet et al. reported significant improvements in Lysholm scores, subjective IKDC scores, and objective IKDC scores after combined ACL and ALL reconstruction [5].
  • Sonnery-Cottet et al. found that ALL reconstruction protected the repaired medial meniscus [5].
  • Indications for combined ACL and ALL reconstructions reported by Sonnery-Cottet et al. include an associated Segond fracture, a chronic ACL lesion, grade 3 pivot shift, high level of sports activity, participation in pivoting sports, and lateral femoral notch sign on radiographs [5].
  • Other surgeons have included revision ACL reconstruction as an indication for ALL reconstruction [5].
  • In a study of 552 patients who had primary ACL reconstruction, Gaunder et al. identified 47 patients who required revision ACL reconstruction [5].
  • The incidence of Segond fractures was 6% in the primary ACL reconstruction group studied by Gaunder et al. [5].
  • After ACL reconstruction, the Segond fracture healed in 90% of patients in the study by Gaunder et al. [5].
  • No patient with revision surgery had a Segond fracture, and no patient with a Segond fracture had graft failure in the study by Gaunder et al. [5].

References

[1] A Lange Medical Book Current Diagnosis Treatment In Orthopedics Fifth Edition. 3Sports Medicine > Image KNEE INJURIES.

[5] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. LATERAL COMPARTMENT (COLLATERAL) DISRUPTIONS.

[6] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Knee > I. Anatomy.

[7] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. SECTION 1 KNEE > ANATOMY (FIG. 4.1).

[15] Orthopaedic Basic Science Fifth Edition Print Ebook. Biology and Mechanics of the Skeletal Extracellular Matrix > Gross Anatomy.

[18] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Radiographic Evaluation and Surgical Anatomy of the Knee > II. Surgical Anatomy of the Knee.

[19] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. ARTHRODESIS PERSON > Kinetics.

[22] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Radiographic Evaluation and Surgical Anatomy of the Knee > I. Radiographic Evaluation.

[24] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Knee Dislocations and Patellar Fractures* > I. Knee Dislocations.

[31] A Lange Medical Book Current Diagnosis Treatment In Orthopedics Fifth Edition. 3Sports Medicine > 2. Lateral Collateral Ligament Injuries.

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b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

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