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Olecranon Bursitis

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Olecranon bursitis — causes, symptoms, and when to seek urgent medical attention for infection.

Updated Aug 20265 citations
A hand-drawn illustration of a faceless person resting a bent elbow on a table with a swollen soft lump at the tip of the elbow.
Olecranon bursitis: the fluid-filled cushion (bursa) over the bony tip of the elbow swells, producing the characteristic 'goose egg' lump seen here. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

What you're feeling

You will likely notice a swollen lump at the tip of your elbow. This swelling sits over the olecranon bursa, a small fluid-filled sac that cushions your bone. The area may feel warm or tender to the touch. In some cases, the skin over the swelling can become red or irritated. You might also feel a general ache in the elbow joint itself.

The pain often worsens when you lean on your elbow or bend it fully. Simple daily tasks can become difficult. You may struggle to rest your arm comfortably on a table while working. Lifting objects, such as a heavy shopping bag or a child, can cause sharp discomfort. You might find it hard to sleep if you roll onto that side of your body. Waking up with a stiff, painful elbow is common if you have been resting on it during the night.

In some cases, the swelling persists for a long time. If the lump does not go away, or if it keeps coming back, you should let your surgeon know. This could suggest an underlying issue that needs specific attention. You might also notice that the skin over the elbow becomes thin or breaks open. This is less common but requires careful monitoring.

If you have a history of repeated swelling, your surgeon may look for less common causes. These can include specific types of infection or changes in the bone itself. Your surgeon will examine the area to distinguish between simple inflammation and other conditions. They will check for signs of infection, such as increased heat or spreading redness.

It is important to report any changes in your symptoms. Tell your surgeon if the pain becomes severe or if the swelling grows rapidly. This helps ensure you receive the right care. Most cases improve with non-invasive treatments first. Your surgeon will guide you through the best steps for your specific situation.

What's actually happening

At the tip of your elbow sits a small, fluid-filled sac called the olecranon bursa. Think of it as a tiny shock absorber or gasket. It sits between the sharp point of your elbow bone and your skin. Its job is to let your skin slide smoothly over the bone when you bend your arm.

When this sac becomes irritated, it fills with extra fluid. This causes the visible swelling you see and feel. The pressure from the fluid can make the area tender, warm, or stiff. You might notice pain when you lean on your elbow or bend it fully.

This swelling usually starts from repeated pressure, a direct knock, or general wear and tear. In some cases, bacteria enter the sac, causing an infection. This is known as septic bursitis. It often brings redness and significant heat. Sometimes, a specific type of bacteria called nontuberculous mycobacteria causes a long-lasting swelling that does not go away quickly.

If the swelling lasts for a long time, the tissue can change. You might feel a firm cord under the skin. This is scar tissue forming around the swollen sac. Patients with these cords often report less satisfaction after surgical removal compared to those without them.

Your surgeon will look at what is causing the swelling. For simple, non-infected swelling, we often start with rest and compression. This avoids the risks of injections or surgery. If the swelling is infected, we may treat it with antibiotics first. In many cases, this clears it up without needing to touch the bursa.

If conservative care does not work, we consider other options. We might drain the fluid or use a procedure called endoscopic debridement. This involves cleaning out the irritated tissue through small cuts. It is minimally invasive and helps you recover faster. In some cases, we might use a sclerotherapy injection to shrink the sac. This avoids the need for full surgical removal.

Surgical removal, or bursectomy, is an option for recurrent cases. However, it carries a risk of the problem returning. The revision rate after this surgery is 11.5%. We weigh these risks carefully against the benefit of removing the persistent swelling. Our goal is to reduce your pain and restore your elbow’s function with the least invasive approach possible.

What we can do about it

Dr Kieran Hirpara, an upper-limb surgeon at Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, starts with the least invasive options that suit your condition. We begin by helping you manage the swelling and pain at home. You can try resting your elbow and avoiding direct pressure on the tip. Applying ice packs for short periods may help reduce inflammation. Physiotherapy can guide you through gentle movements to keep your joint flexible without aggravating the bursa, which is the fluid-filled sac at the back of your elbow. We usually advise giving this non-operative approach a fair chance for several weeks before considering further steps.

If simple rest does not bring enough relief, we may discuss medical management. This can include pain medication or anti-inflammatory drugs to help you feel more comfortable. In some cases, we might consider an injection into the bursa. While injections are sometimes used, recent evidence suggests they can have adverse effects compared with noninvasive care for initial treatment of non-septic bursitis. For recurrent cases that do not settle with rest, we may explore minimally invasive options like sclerotherapy, which involves injecting a solution to shrink the sac, or hydrothermal ablation, which uses controlled heat to treat the tissue. These options aim to reduce the need for open surgery and often have fewer complications.

We consider surgery only when conservative care has reached its limit and your symptoms persist. Surgical excision, or bursectomy, removes the inflamed bursa tissue. This is typically recommended if you experience recurrent swelling or if non-surgical treatments have failed to provide improvement. For recalcitrant cases, endoscopic debridement combined with a compression suture offers a minimally invasive alternative with minimal postoperative pain and a low recurrence rate. The revision rate after bursectomy is 11.5%, meaning the majority of patients do not require further surgery for this issue. We will discuss whether surgery is the right shared decision for your specific situation.

Patients are generally referred to our clinic by their GP; if a physiotherapist has suggested you see us, you will still need a referral from your GP in order to be eligible for the Medicare rebate. A clinic assessment, including history, examination, and imaging where needed, establishes the diagnosis. For degenerative or long-standing problems we usually try non-operative care — activity change, physiotherapy or hand therapy, splinting, and injections — and consider surgery when that has not given enough improvement.

What to expect

Your outlook depends largely on whether the swelling is caused by infection or simple irritation. For most cases of non-septic bursitis, your surgeon will likely recommend non-invasive management first. This approach often resolves the issue without the need for injections or surgery. In contrast, older methods involving direct injections into the bursa have been shown to carry higher risks of adverse effects compared to conservative care.

If you have an uncomplicated infection, empirical management is effective. Evidence shows that no patients in this group required surgical removal of the bursa. However, if traditional aspiration is used instead, a significant number of patients—8 out of 11—went on to require bursectomy. This highlights why careful initial management matters.

For recurrent or chronic cases that do not settle, several options exist. Endoscopic bursectomy, a minimally invasive procedure, has resulted in no recurrences or wound-healing complications requiring a return to the operating room. Patients undergoing this procedure reported a high level of satisfaction. Another option is hydrothermal ablation, which uses controlled heat between 50°C and 52°C. This method is safe and has fewer complications than open bursectomy, while offering comparable effectiveness.

It is important to note that not all outcomes are identical. The revision rate after bursectomy is 11.5%, meaning a small proportion of patients may need further intervention. Additionally, patients with olecranon cords—thickened tissue bands—tended to be less satisfied after surgical excision compared to those without them.

In rare instances, such as infections with unusual bacteria or spontaneous bone changes, the course can be protracted. If your swelling persists despite standard care, your surgeon will investigate these less common causes. Overall, with appropriate management, most patients achieve acceptable short- to mid-term outcomes and functional recovery.

When to see someone

See your GP if you notice a swollen elbow that does not improve with rest. Seek urgent care if you develop a fever, spreading redness, or warmth, as these may signal a serious infection. Go to an emergency department immediately if you have severe pain, inability to move the elbow, or signs of systemic illness like chills. These symptoms require same-day assessment to rule out urgent conditions. For persistent swelling or pain that lasts weeks, ask for a specialist review. This ensures accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment before complications arise.

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

This section goes further than you need for your own treatment decisions. Olecranon bursitis is worth the extra reading because two of the things most instinctively done about it — draining the swelling with a needle, and injecting steroid into it — have evidence against them.

Draining it can be the thing that causes the problem

The intuition is strong: there is fluid, so remove the fluid. The trial data point the other way. In a comparison of management strategies for uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis, empirical treatment without aspiration was effective, with no patients requiring bursectomy — while in the traditional aspiration group, 8 of 11 patients went on to need surgical removal of the bursa [1].

That is a striking difference from a small series, and it should be read with that caution. But the mechanism is not mysterious. The bursa sits directly under thin skin over a bony point that takes every knock and every lean on a desk. Putting a needle through that skin creates a tract, and a tract over a pressure point is slow to seal and can keep discharging.

The general reviews agree on direction. Based primarily on level IV evidence, non-surgical management is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management [2].

Steroid injection carries risk without improving the outcome

This one is stated unusually plainly in the literature. For aseptic bursitis, corticosteroid injection is associated with significant risks without improving the outcome [2].

The risks are specific to the site: skin atrophy and depigmentation over a subcutaneous bony prominence, and infection introduced into a space that is difficult to clear. Elsewhere in the upper limb a steroid injection is a reasonable step when simpler measures fail. Here the evidence does not support it, and that difference is worth knowing if it is offered.

Surgery is a genuine last resort, with a measurable failure rate

Where bursectomy is performed, it does not reliably end the story. The revision rate after bursectomy was 11.5%, and revision was more frequent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, a history of bursitis on either elbow, and in women [3].

Those risk factors describe the situations in which the bursa is likely to reform: an inflammatory or metabolic driver that surgery does not remove, or a demonstrated tendency of that individual's tissue to produce the problem. For recurrent cases, intrabursal doxycycline sclerotherapy — deliberately scarring the space closed rather than excising it — has been described as an alternative in a series of 45 elbows [4].

What actually settles it

The unglamorous answer is protection and time. Because the bursa is irritated mechanically by pressure on the point of the elbow, the treatment that addresses the cause is removing that pressure: padding, and changing the habit of resting on the elbow, sustained for longer than feels necessary. Most cases settle [5], and the interventions above are largely attempts to shorten a course that resolves anyway — which is precisely why an intervention carrying its own risk needs to clear a high bar here.

Reviewed by Dr Kieran Hirpara · 7 August 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

References for the advanced reading
  1. Deal JB, Vaslow AS, Bickley RJ, Verwiebe EG, Ryan PM. Empirical treatment of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration. J Hand Surg Am. 2020;45(1):20-5.
  2. Sayegh ET, Strauch RJ. Treatment of olecranon bursitis: a systematic review. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2014;134(11):1517-36.
  3. Germawi L, Westenberg RF, Wang F, Schep NW, Chen NC, Eberlin KR. Factors associated with revision surgery for olecranon bursitis after bursectomy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021;30(5):1135-41.
  4. McDermott D, Wakefield D, Kowalsky M, Sethi P, Vitale MA, Morrey BF. Intrabursal doxycycline sclerotherapy for recurrent olecranon bursitis of the elbow. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2024;6(4):504-9.
  5. Nchinda NN, Wolf JM. Clinical management of olecranon bursitis: a review. J Hand Surg Am. 2021;46(6):501-6.
Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Nonsurgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management [1].
  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration is effective, with no patients requiring bursectomy [7].
  • Deferring aspiration in uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis is a reasonable treatment option [12].
  • In a comparison of empirical management versus traditional aspiration for uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis, 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy [7].
  • Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis should be considered in any patient with a swollen bursa and protracted course, regardless of immune status [5].
  • Intrabursal doxycycline sclerotherapy may be an effective alternative to surgical bursectomy for patients with recurrent olecranon bursitis refractory to conservative management [6].
  • Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50°C and 52°C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis with fewer complications than open bursectomy and comparable efficacy [14].
  • Endoscopic olecranon bursectomy for recalcitrant olecranon bursitis resulted in no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room [2].
  • The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis is 11.5% [10].
  • Bursal suture repair is a viable alternative to bursectomy in selected patients with chronic traumatic olecranon bursitis, combining functional and cosmetic benefits [3].
  • Olecranon extrabursal endoscopic bursectomy provides a satisfactory view with less morbidity than the open method while avoiding a wound over the sensitive point of the olecranon [4].
  • Endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture for recalcitrant aseptic olecranon bursitis offers simple operation, minimal invasiveness, minimal postoperative pain, rapid recovery, a low recurrence rate, and satisfactory overall efficacy [17].
  • Patients with olecranon cords were less satisfied after surgical excision compared to those without cords [16].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • Olecranon bursae can contain cords [16].
  • MR imaging is probably the method of choice for determining the development of olecranon bursae and their fluid content [19].
  • Distinguishing between septic and aseptic olecranon bursitis can be difficult because physical and laboratory data overlap [11].
  • Traumatic lesions of the olecranon bursa are common injuries associated with a high risk of complications [8].
  • Providers should maintain a high index of suspicion for full-thickness triceps tears in patients with specific risk factors and comprehensive musculoskeletal examination to ensure accurate diagnosis, as these tears can be misdiagnosed as olecranon bursitis [23].

Classification

  • Extrabursal endoscopic bursectomy provides a satisfactory view with less morbidity than the open method while avoiding a wound over the sensitive point of the olecranon [4].
  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration was effective, with no patients requiring bursectomy, whereas 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy [7].
  • Prospective studies are needed to guide optimal treatment for olecranon bursitis [9].
  • The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis was 11.5% [10].
  • Distinguishing between septic and aseptic olecranon bursitis can be difficult because the physical and laboratory data overlap [11].
  • The first treatment line for olecranon bursitis is conservative, including ice, rest, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs and, occasionally, bursal fluid aspiration [15].
  • Pyoderma gangrenosum must be considered in the differential diagnosis whenever a patient presents with ulcerative cutaneous lesions that resemble an infectious process such as olecranon bursitis [18].

Investigations

  • Protothecal olecranon bursitis is a distinct entity that may require excision for cure [13].
  • MR imaging is probably the method of choice for determining both the development of the bursae and their fluid content [19].

Treatment

Non-Operative Management

  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration was found to be effective with no patients requiring bursectomy [7].

Operative Management

  • Endoscopic olecranon bursectomy provides a satisfactory view with less morbidity than the open method while avoiding a wound over the sensitive point of the olecranon [4].
  • Endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture for recalcitrant aseptic olecranon bursitis offers advantages including simple operation, minimal invasiveness, minimal postoperative pain, rapid recovery, a low recurrence rate, and satisfactory overall efficacy [17].
  • Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa in cases of protothecal infection [13].

Special Considerations

  • More prospective studies are needed to guide optimal treatment for olecranon bursitis [9].

Complications

  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis was effective with no patients requiring bursectomy, whereas 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy [7].
  • Traumatic lesions of the olecranon bursa or prepatellar bursa are common injuries associated with a high risk of complications [8].
  • Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa, whereas multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success [13].
  • Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50C and 52C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis with fewer complications than open bursectomy and a comparable efficacy [14].

Recovery

  • Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis without aspiration is effective, with no patients in the empirical group requiring bursectomy [7].
  • Eight of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group for uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis required bursectomy [7].
  • Patients who underwent endoscopic olecranon bursectomy for recalcitrant olecranon bursitis experienced no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room [2].
  • Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa in cases of protothecal infection, whereas multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success [13].

Key Evidence

  • [L4] Based primarily on level IV evidence, nonsurgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management. [1] (10.1007/s00402-014-2088-3)
  • [L4] In this population, patients who underwent endoscopic olecranon bursectomy experienced no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room. [2] (10.1016/j.asmr.2023.100832)
  • [L5] Bursal suture repair is a viable alternative to bursectomy in selected patients with chronic traumatic olecranon bursitis, combining functional and cosmetic benefits. [3] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100597)
  • [L4] This approach provides a satisfactory view with less morbidity than the open method while avoiding a wound over the sensitive point of the olecranon. [4] (10.1097/bth.0b013e31829c0535)
  • [L4] Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis should be considered in any patient with a swollen bursa and protracted course, regardless of immune status. [5] (10.1016/j.jse.2008.07.009)
  • [L4] This may be an effective alternative to surgical bursectomy for patients with recurrent olecranon bursitis refractory to conservative management. [6] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.03.006)
  • [L4] Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis was found to be effective with no patients requiring bursectomy, whereas 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.06.012)
  • [Paper] Traumatic lesions of the olecranon bursa or prepatellar bursa are common injuries associated with a high risk of complications. [8] (10.1007/s00402-017-2690-2)
  • [L5] More prospective studies are needed to guide optimal treatment. [9] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.02.006)
  • [L3] The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis was 11.5%. [10] (10.1016/j.jse.2020.09.033)
  • [L5] Distinguishing between septic and aseptic olecranon bursitis can be difficult because the physical and laboratory data overlap. [11] (10.1016/j.jse.2015.08.032)
  • [L4] Deferring aspiration in uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis is a reasonable treatment option. [12] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.06.059)
  • [Case_report] Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa, whereas multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success. [13] (10.2106/00004623-198062050-00024)
  • [L4] Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50C and 52C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis with fewer complications than open bursectomy and a comparable efficacy. [14] (10.1016/j.jse.2024.03.021)
  • [L4] The first treatment line for olecranon bursitis is conservative, including ice, rest, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs and, occasionally, bursal fluid aspiration. [15] (10.1016/j.surge.2012.02.002)
  • [L4] Patients with olecranon cords were less satisfied after surgical excision compared to those without cords. [16] (10.1016/j.jse.2015.04.016)
  • [L4] Endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture for the treatment of aseptic olecranon bursitis has several advantages: simple operation, minimal invasiveness, minimal postoperative pain, rapid recovery, a low recurrence rate, and satisfactory overall efficacy. [17] (10.1186/s13018-024-05090-3)
  • [Case_report] PG must be considered in the differential diagnosis whenever a patient presents with ulcerative cutaneous lesions that resemble an infectious process such as olecranon bursitis. [18] (10.1016/j.jse.2014.06.032)
  • [L4] MR imaging is probably the method of choice for determining both the development of the bursae and their fluid content. [19] (10.1007/s002560050117)
  • [Case_report] Providers should maintain a high index of suspicion for triceps tears in patients with specific risk factors and comprehensive musculoskeletal examination to ensure accurate and timely diagnosis. [23] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2024.02.002)

References

[1] Treatment of olecranon bursitis: a systematic review. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-014-2088-3

[2] No Wound Healing Complications or Recurrences Were Seen and a High Level of Satisfaction Was Reported in Patients Who Underwent Endoscopic Olecranon Bursectomy for Recalcitrant Olecranon Bursitis. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2023.100832

[3] Olecranon bursal repair for chronic traumatic bursitis: a surgical technique. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100597

[4] Olecranon Extrabursal Endoscopic Bursectomy. Techniques in Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery. 2013. DOI: 10.1097/bth.0b013e31829c0535

[5] Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis: Case reports and literature review. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2008.07.009

[6] Intrabursal Doxycycline Sclerotherapy for Recurrent Olecranon Bursitis of the Elbow: A Case Control Study. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.03.006

[7] Empirical Treatment of Uncomplicated Septic Olecranon Bursitis Without Aspiration. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.06.012

[8] Treatment and outcome with traumatic lesions of the olecranon and prepatellar bursa: a literature review apropos a retrospective analysis including 552 cases. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-017-2690-2

[9] Clinical Management of Olecranon Bursitis: A Review. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.02.006

[10] Factors associated with revision surgery for olecranon bursitis after bursectomy. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.09.033

[11] Olecranon bursitis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.08.032

[12] Empiric Treatment of Uncomplicated Septic Olecranon Bursitis Without Aspiration. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.06.059

[13] Protothecal olecranon bursitis. A case report and review of the literature.. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1980. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-198062050-00024

[14] Hydrothermal ablation in recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis: a prospective study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.03.021

[15] Diagnosis and management of olecranon bursitis. The Surgeon. 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2012.02.002

[16] The existence of cords in olecranon bursae. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.04.016

[17] Clinical efficacy of endoscopic debridement combined with compression suture in the treatment of recalcitrant aseptic olecranon bursitis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2024. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-05090-3

[18] Case report: misdiagnosed olecranon bursitis: pyoderma gangrenosum. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2014.06.032

[19] The US,CT and MR findings of cubital bursitis: a report of five cases. Skeletal Radiology. 1996. DOI: 10.1007/s002560050117

[23] Full-thickness triceps tears misdiagnosed as olecranon bursitis: a case report. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2024.02.002

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k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.