Patients › Hand
Mucous Cyst
Mucous cysts – common bumps near finger joints, often linked to arthritis, and treatment options.
What you're feeling¶
A mucous cyst is a small, firm lump that appears on the back of the finger, usually just behind the nail. It is filled with a thick, clear fluid. The lump itself is often painless, but it can press on nearby structures and cause discomfort.
You may notice changes to the nail itself. The cyst sits close to the nail bed, so it can press on the nail as it grows. This often causes a groove or ridge running the length of the nail. The skin over the cyst can also become thin and shiny. In some cases, the skin breaks down and the cyst leaks fluid through a small channel.
The lump tends to sit right where your finger bends at the last joint before the nail. That makes some everyday tasks awkward. Reaching into a tight pocket, gripping a jar lid, or picking up small coins can be uncomfortable. Typing or writing may press on the lump and make it sore.
The cyst is linked to wear-and-tear arthritis in that same joint. A small bony spur, called an osteophyte, irritates the joint and produces the fluid that fills the cyst. Because of this, the joint may ache after you have used your hand a lot, and the lump can feel more tender then.
If the skin over the cyst breaks open and fluid leaks out, keep the area clean and seek care promptly. A channel from the skin into a finger joint can let infection in, and an infected joint needs treatment without delay. If your finger becomes hot, red, swollen and painful, especially with a fever, go to the emergency department the same day. No GP referral is needed.
Do not puncture or squeeze the cyst yourself. It can let infection into the joint.
If the lump is growing, the nail deformity is bothering you, or symptoms are not settling over weeks, see your GP or ask for a specialist review.
What's actually happening¶
The last joint of your finger works like a small hinge. Like any joint, it is lined with a soft sleeve that makes a little fluid to keep the surfaces gliding smoothly. In a mucous cyst, that joint has developed wear-and-tear arthritis. The joint lining becomes irritated and starts making more fluid than the joint needs.
At the same time, arthritis often forms a small bony spur at the edge of the joint. That spur presses on and wears through the joint sleeve from the inside. Fluid then leaks out through the worn spot and collects under the skin on the back of your finger. The lump you can see and feel is that trapped fluid, sitting to one side of the joint, just behind the nail.
The cyst itself is a thin-walled pocket rather than a growth. Its wall is made of strands of supporting tissue, and it has no proper lining of its own. Because the wall is thin and the skin over it is often thinner still, a small knock can burst it. When that happens, the clear, jelly-like fluid inside leaks out.
This explains the symptoms you have just read about. The lump sits close to the nail bed, so pressure from the cyst can groove the nail as it grows. The joint aches because the arthritis is there too, and the cyst is a sign of it. The spur at the joint edge is what keeps the fluid flowing, so as long as it is there, the cyst tends to refill even after it leaks or is drained.
That is also why treatment focuses on the joint rather than just the lump. Removing the spur stops the leak at its source, and the cyst settles once it is no longer being topped up.
What we can do about it¶
Dr Kieran Hirpara, an upper-limb surgeon at Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, starts with the least invasive options that suit your condition. Patients are generally referred to our clinic by their GP; if a physiotherapist has suggested you see us, you will still need a referral from your GP in order to be eligible for the Medicare rebate. At the clinic visit we take a history, examine your finger, and arrange imaging if it is needed. Most mucous cysts are linked to wear-and-tear arthritis in the joint, so we usually try non-operative care first and consider surgery when that has not given enough improvement.
The first step is often simply watching and waiting. Some cysts stay small and cause little trouble. Protecting the finger helps: avoid repeated knocks to the lump, and take care with tasks that press on it. If the joint aches after heavy use, easing back on that activity can settle things. Hand therapy can help with stiffness and with keeping the finger moving comfortably. Give these simple measures a fair trial over several weeks before deciding anything further.
Pain relief is straightforward. Simple pain medication from the pharmacy, taken as directed, can settle an aching joint. Anti-inflammatory medication can ease the arthritis behind the cyst. These treat the discomfort rather than the lump itself.
One option we do not offer is draining the cyst with a needle. It is a convenient office procedure, but the cyst comes back about half the time afterwards. There is also a risk of carrying infection into the joint, which is why we advise against puncturing or squeezing the cyst at home too.
Surgery is considered when the cyst keeps refilling, the nail deformity bothers you, or the skin over the cyst has become thin or is breaking down. The operation treats the joint rather than just the lump. The bony spur at the joint edge is removed, which stops the fluid leak at its source, and the cyst settles once it is no longer being topped up. In some cases the cyst and a small flap of local skin are removed as well, which suits a cyst that has thinned the skin over it. Removing the spur together with the cyst's stalk gives the lowest chance of the cyst returning. We will talk through which approach suits your finger, and decide together.
What to expect¶
Left alone, a mucous cyst tends to keep coming back rather than disappear. As long as the bony spur at the joint edge is there, it keeps topping the cyst up with fluid. Some cysts stay small and cause little trouble for a long time. Others grow slowly, groove the nail further, or thin the skin over the lump until it leaks.
Without treatment, the main risks are the ones you have already read about: a nail that stays ridged while the cyst presses on it, and skin that breaks down and opens a channel into the joint. That channel is worth taking seriously. If your finger becomes hot, red, swollen and painful, especially with a fever, go to the emergency department the same day. No GP referral is needed.
With treatment aimed at the joint, the outlook is straightforward. Removing the spur stops the fluid leak at its source, and the cyst settles once it is no longer being topped up. When the spur is removed, the cyst rarely comes back. Where the cyst itself is also removed, recurrence stays low: about 2 in every 100 cysts treated surgically return, and around 1.4 in 100 when a local skin flap is used to close the area. People treated this way are generally happy with how the scar looks, and would go through it again.
Recovery is not a big undertaking, but it is not nothing either. The finger is often stiff and tender for a few weeks, and everyday tasks like gripping or pinching take a while to feel normal again. Hand therapy after surgery is with Ruby Doolan at Extend Rehabilitation. Ruby is a hand therapist: she guides your exercises and makes any splint you need. Most people are back to normal hand use within weeks to a few months.
The nail groove usually improves too, once the pressure is off the nail bed. Be patient with that part: the deformed section of nail has to grow out, which takes several months.
If symptoms are not settling over weeks, or are getting worse, see your GP or ask for a specialist review.
When to see someone¶
Most mucous cysts are not urgent, and many settle with simple care. A few signs do need action.
Go to an emergency department the same day if your finger becomes hot, red, swollen and painful, especially with a fever. That points to infection in the joint, which needs treatment without delay. The same applies if the skin over the cyst has broken open and fluid is leaking, because that opening can let infection in.
See your GP or ask for a specialist review if the lump keeps growing, the nail groove is bothering you, or the skin over the cyst has become thin. These are the signs that treatment is worth discussing. If symptoms are not settling over weeks, or are getting worse, your GP can arrange a referral.
In more depth¶
Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)
This section goes further than you need for your own treatment decisions. Mucous cysts are worth the extra reading because of a small, well-supported surgical insight: the cyst is not the problem, and the operation that works best does not necessarily remove it.
The bone spur is the cause, not the cyst¶
A mucous cyst arises from an arthritic fingertip joint. A bony spur, an osteophyte, irritates and perforates the joint capsule, and joint fluid tracks out through the defect and collects under the skin. The cyst is the visible end of that process, not its origin.
That understanding has a direct surgical consequence, demonstrated in a series where osteophyte excision without cyst excision produced complete resolution in most cases, and was described as a good treatment choice offering a less invasive method [1].
Removing the spur closes the tap. The cyst, no longer being filled, resolves. This is the same logic that governs the wrist ganglion, where the stalk rather than the sac determines recurrence, and it explains why simply draining or puncturing a mucous cyst so reliably fails.
Where the cyst is excised, results are also good¶
The alternative approach removes the cyst along with a local skin flap to close the defect. That is also reliable: across 69 patients, surgical excision with a local advancement flap showed a recurrence rate of 1.4% with high patient satisfaction regarding the scar and willingness to undergo the procedure again [2].
Both approaches work, and both address the underlying joint. The practical difference is how much skin is involved: a long-standing cyst thins the overlying skin, sometimes to the point of discharging, and in that situation the thinned skin needs excising and replacing regardless of what is done to the bone.
Why the nail becomes deformed, and whether it recovers¶
A groove or ridge running the length of the nail is a common accompaniment, and it worries people more than the lump. The cause is mechanical: the cyst sits immediately over the germinal matrix, the part of the nail bed that generates the nail, and presses on it, so the nail is produced with a defect.
The useful part is that this is pressure rather than destruction. Once the cyst is decompressed, the nail typically grows out normally, though it takes several months for the deformed portion to grow off the end. A nail deformity is therefore a reason to treat the cyst rather than a permanent consequence of it.
The reason to be careful about puncturing one¶
A mucous cyst communicates directly with the joint. Puncturing it, deliberately, or by the skin breaking down over a large one, creates a channel from the outside world into a finger joint, and septic arthritis of a small joint is a considerably more serious problem than the cyst.
This is the practical argument against home drainage of a cyst that appears to be simply a blister of fluid, and the reason a spontaneously discharging cyst is treated with some urgency rather than watched.
References for the advanced reading
- Lee H, Kim P, Jeon I, Kyung H, Ra I, Kim T. Osteophyte excision without cyst excision for a mucous cyst of the finger. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2013;39(3):258-61.
- Johnson SM, Treon K, Thomas S, Cox QGN. A reliable surgical treatment for digital mucous cysts. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2013;39(8):856-60.
Evidence & references
This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.
Overview¶
- The scientific data regarding mucous cysts consist almost entirely of retrospective studies, and much of what is done or recommended is based on expert opinion [3].
- Surgical treatment of mucous cysts is not a totally benign procedure, and complications do occur contrary to literature reporting glowing results [5].
- In-office excision is a safe and effective option for treating digital mucous cysts [6].
- Complications are rare and occur only in cysts associated with fistula, justifying their early surgical treatment [7].
- Surgery provided definitive treatment with no major long-term problems [10].
- Surgical excision was the primary treatment, with no reported recurrences [11].
- Incomplete excisions will invariably result in recurrence [12].
- Surgical excision with a local advancement skin flap is a reliable treatment for digital mucous cysts, demonstrating a low recurrence rate of 1.4% and high patient satisfaction regarding the scar and willingness to undergo the procedure again [13].
- The 2% recurrence rate (2 of 113) obtained in this series illustrates the advantage of this procedure [16].
- Osteophyte excision without cyst excision may be a good treatment choice for mucous cyst of the finger, providing a less invasive method with complete resolution in most cases [20].
- The final recurrence rate of less than 1.5% may be acceptable and comparable with other techniques [21].
- Excision with local flap cover offers benefit in terms of a reduced recurrence rate and is particularly valuable where the cyst has caused marked thinning of the skin [30].
- Excision with local flap cover would seem to offer benefit in terms of a reduced recurrence rate, and is particularly valuable where the cyst has caused marked thinning of the skin [34].
- Excision of the cyst and complete removal of the marginal osteophyte eradicates mucous cysts with extremely rare recurrence [1].
- A total dorsal capsulectomy alone was a simple treatment for mucous cysts and did not lead to any recurrence [8].
Anatomy & Pathophysiology¶
Clinical Presentation and Location¶
- Mucous cysts are small, firm, cystic masses that appear just distal to the distal interphalangeal joint [23].
- The lesion is always located to one side of the midline [23].
- Mucous cysts are rarely greater than fifteen millimeters in diameter [23].
- The skin over the mucous cyst is thinned out and occasionally may be ulcerated [23].
- Pressure on the mucous cyst does not usually result in a decrease in its size [23].
- Longitudinal grooving of the nail may be noted, occasionally occurring prior to the appearance of the cyst [23].
- Mucous cysts are usually small and located to one side as they emerge from the joint beside the extensor mechanism [28, 29].
- Occasionally, mucous cysts may spread across the whole of the dorsum of the digit between the distal interphalangeal joint and nail fold [28, 29].
- The overlying skin of a mucous cyst is frequently thin, and minimal trauma may result in rupture [28, 29].
Histology and Ultrastructure¶
- The histological appearance of a mucous cyst is essentially identical to that of ganglions, synovial cysts, and similar lesions appearing on other areas of the extremities [23].
- The mucous cyst is surrounded by an undemarcated fibrous capsule [23].
- The basic structure of the mucous cyst is myxomatous with interspersed fibroblasts [23].
- Areas of myxomatous degeneration tend to coalesce to form a multiloculated cyst [23].
- An epithelial lining has not been reported for mucous cysts [23].
- Digital mucous cysts and wrist ganglia show no anatomic difference at the light and scanning electron microscopic levels [19].
- The wall of a digital mucous cyst consists of multidirectional strata of collagen fibers with rare fibroblast-like cells on the inner surface [19].
- There are no signs of myxomatous degeneration in the wall of a digital mucous cyst [19].
- The surface of the digital mucous cyst wall is generally flat, with some areas showing localized elevations [19].
- Multifunctional mesenchymal cells are located beneath the lining of the ganglion and digital mucous cyst [19].
- These multifunctional mesenchymal cells contain abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth-walled vacuoles, and Golgi complexes [19].
- The ganglion fluid may be produced by these multifunctional cells and reaches the ganglion cavity by flowing through the porous collagen matrix of the ganglion wall [19].
- A digital mucous cyst has a large globular dome-shaped interconnecting cavity having a wall of collagen fibers covered by a fenestrated pseudomembrane [19].
- A porous network of collagen fibers is present in the wall of the digital mucous cyst on cross section [19].
Etiology and Pathogenesis¶
- Degenerative arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint is a frequent associated finding with mucous cysts [23].
- An incidence of 78 percent for degenerative arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint has been reported in association with mucous cysts [23].
- The etiology indicated by evidence is that the lesion arises from the joint capsule [23].
- Mucous cysts are often associated with degenerative changes at the distal interphalangeal joints [28, 29].
- Theories on the pathogenesis of mucous cysts include myxoid degeneration, repeated local trauma, vascular insufficiency, and synovial herniation [28, 29].
- Studies suggest that mucous cysts arise due to excessive hyaluronic acid production from a degenerate distal interphalangeal joint [28, 29].
Classification¶
- The lesion is a small, firm, cystic mass which appears just distal to the distal interphalangeal joint [23].
- The lesion is always located to one side of the mid-line [23].
- The lesion is rarely greater than fifteen millimeters in diameter [23].
- The skin over the lesion is thinned out and occasionally may be ulcerated [23].
- Pressure on the lesion does not usually result in a decrease in its size [23].
- Degenerative arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint is a frequent associated finding [23].
- An incidence of 78 per cent has been reported for degenerative arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint associated with mucous cysts [23].
- The histological appearance is essentially identical to that of ganglions, synovial cysts, and similar lesions appearing on other areas of the extremities [23].
- The lesion is surrounded by an undemarcated fibrous capsule [23].
- The basic structure is myxomatous with interspersed fibroblasts [23].
- An epithelial lining has not been reported [23].
- In spite of their different clinical settings, digital mucous cysts and wrist ganglia show no anatomic difference at the light and scanning electron microscopic levels [19].
- The wall of the digital mucous cyst consisted of multidirectional strata of collagen fibers with rare fibroblast-like cells on the inner surface [19].
- There were no signs of myxomatous degeneration in the wall of the digital mucous cyst [19].
- The surface of the digital mucous cyst was generally flat, with some areas showing localized elevations [19].
- Multifunctional mesenchymal cells beneath the lining of the ganglion are postulated to produce collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and the interfibrillary mucopolysaccharide matrix [19].
- The porous nature of the ganglion wall was confirmed in the ultrastructural study of digital mucous cysts [19].
- A previous ultrastructural study of digital mucous cysts demonstrated a large globular dome-shaped interconnecting cavity having a wall of collagen fibers covered by a fenestrated pseudomembrane [19].
- The current study confirmed the anatomic organization of a large globular dome-shaped interconnecting cavity having a wall of collagen fibers covered by a fenestrated pseudomembrane [19].
- A porous network of collagen fibers in the wall was revealed on cross section [19].
Clinical Presentation¶
- The mucous cyst presents as a small, firm, cystic mass located just distal to the distal interphalangeal joint [23].
- The lesion is easily distinguished from a Heberden's node by its placement distal to the distal interphalangeal joint [23].
- The histological appearance of the mucous cyst is essentially identical to that of ganglions, synovial cysts, and similar lesions appearing on other areas of the extremities [23].
- The basic structure of the lesion is myxomatous with interspersed fibroblasts [23].
- An epithelial lining has not been reported for the mucous cyst [23].
- The wall of the digital mucous cyst consists of a porous network of collagen fibers [19].
- The fluid within the digital mucous cyst is produced by underlying mesenchymal cells [19].
Investigations¶
- Ultrasound is a powerful modality for evaluation of pathologic conditions in the hand and wrist, providing a cost-effective and expedient alternative and/or adjunct to MRI [33].
- Ultrasound is best used when there is a specific clinical question regarding a well-localized abnormality [33].
- Ultra-sonography provides a new ability to study the complex anatomical structures of the hand, with the technique being quick and simple to perform [38].
- A careful physical examination is essential to direct care and future testing if indicated [35].
- Diagnostic tests such as imaging and serum laboratory studies are useful in this determination but can be expensive, time consuming, and often nonspecific [35].
Treatment¶
Operative Techniques¶
- Total dorsal capsulectomy alone is a simple treatment for mucous cysts that did not lead to any recurrence [8].
- Osteophyte-sparing treatment of mucous cysts has a final recurrence rate of less than 1.5% [21].
- Surgical excision was the primary treatment in a series with no reported recurrences [11].
- Surgery provided definitive treatment for mucous cysts with no major long-term problems [10].
- The 2% recurrence rate (2 of 113) obtained in a series of 191 excised cysts illustrates the advantage of the procedure [4, 16].
- The authors of a study on osteophyte excision without cyst excision state that their principle is not to do more damage to the friable skin because the skin is not the culprit of the cyst [15].
Outcomes and Complications¶
- Complications of surgical treatments include infection, recurrence, nail deformity, swelling, stiffness and pain [28].
- This report provides additional basis for prophylactic extirpation of mucous cyst of the finger [2].
- This case emphasizes the utility of a pathohistological analysis in cases where doubts arise about the initial diagnosis of a benign tumorous lesion [14].
Non-Operative and Adjunctive Considerations¶
- Aspiration with injection of steroid is a convenient technique that can be performed in an outpatient setting but is followed by a recurrence rate of 50% [28].
- Surgical treatment has a higher cure rate than aspiration with injection of steroid [28].
- Radical treatment with complete excision of the stalk and underlying osteophytes seems to reduce recurrence rates [28].
Complications¶
- Complications are rare and occur only in cysts associated with fistula [7].
- Aspiration with injection of steroid is followed by a recurrence rate of 50% [28].
- The 2% recurrence rate (2 of 113) was obtained in a series of surgically treated mucous cysts [16].
- Surgical excision with a local advancement skin flap demonstrated a low recurrence rate of 1.4% [13].
- A total dorsal capsulectomy alone did not lead to any recurrence [8].
- Eccrine porocarcinomas have a substantial risk of metastasis, high risk of local recurrence, and are potentially fatal [24].
Recovery¶
- Surgical excision with a local advancement skin flap demonstrated a low recurrence rate of 1.4% and high patient satisfaction regarding the scar and willingness to undergo the procedure again [13].
Key Evidence¶
- [L4] Excision of the cyst and complete removal of the marginal osteophyte eradicates mucous cysts with extremely rare recurrence. [1] (10.2106/00004623-197355030-00013)
- [L4] This report provides additional basis for prophylactic extirpation of mucous cyst of the finger. [2] (10.1016/s0363-5023(84)80152-5)
- [L4] The scientific data regarding mucous cysts consist almost entirely of retrospective studies, and much of what is done or recommended is based on expert opinion. [3] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.01.029)
- [L5] Of the 191 mucous cysts excised, 113 had at least 6 months of follow-up time. [4] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.07.028)
- [L4] Surgical treatment of mucous cysts is not a totally benign procedure, and complications do occur contrary to literature reporting glowing results. [5] (10.1016/s0266-7681(97)80067-8)
- [Paper] In-office excision is a safe and effective option for treating digital mucous cysts. [6] (10.1177/15589447251350168)
- [L4] Complications are rare and occur only in cysts associated with fistula, justifying their early surgical treatment. [7] (10.1016/j.main.2015.06.001)
- [L4] A total dorsal capsulectomy alone was a simple treatment for mucous cysts and did not lead to any recurrence. [8] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.03.004)
- [L4] Surgery provided definitive treatment with no major long-term problems. [10] (10.1053/jhsu.2003.50088)
- [L5] Incomplete excisions will invariably result in recurrence. [12] (10.1016/0363-5023(93)90302-j)
- [L4] Surgical excision with a local advancement skin flap is a reliable treatment for digital mucous cysts, demonstrating a low recurrence rate of 1.4% and high patient satisfaction regarding the scar and willingness to undergo the procedure again. [13] (10.1177/1753193413508540)
- [L5] This case emphasizes the utility of a pathohistological analysis in cases where doubts arise about the initial diagnosis of a benign tumorous lesion. [14] (10.1007/s00402-008-0794-4)
- [L5] The authors state that their principle is not to do more damage to the friable skin because the skin is not the culprit of the cyst. [15] (10.1177/1753193414546990)
- [L4] The 2% recurrence rate (2 of 113) obtained in this series illustrates the advantage of this procedure. [16] (10.1016/0363-5023(94)90071-x)
- [L5] [19] (10.1016/s0363-5023(88)80143-6)
- [L4] Osteophyte excision without cyst excision may be a good treatment choice for mucous cyst of the finger, providing a less invasive method with complete resolution in most cases. [20] (10.1177/1753193413478549)
- [L4] The final recurrence rate of less than 1.5% may be acceptable and comparable with other techniques. [21] (10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-21-00164)
- [L4] [23] (10.2106/00004623-197254070-00008)
- [L4] Prompt recognition and appropriate treatment are critical because eccrine porocarcinomas have a substantial risk of metastasis, high risk of local recurrence, and are potentially fatal. [24] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.07.112)
- [L4] [28] (10.1177/1753193408103498)
- [L4] [29] (10.1177/1753193409103498)
- [L4] Excision with local flap cover offers benefit in terms of a reduced recurrence rate and is particularly valuable where the cyst has caused marked thinning of the skin. [30] (10.1016/0266-7681(90)90064-b)
- [L5] Ultrasound is a powerful modality for evaluation of pathologic conditions in the hand and wrist, providing a cost-effective and expedient alternative and/or adjunct to MRI, best used when there is a specific clinical question regarding a well-localized abnormality. [33] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.02.010)
- [L4] Excision with local flap cover would seem to offer benefit in terms of a reduced recurrence rate, and is particularly valuable where the cyst has caused marked thinning of the skin. [34] (10.1016/0266-7681_90_90064-b)
- [L4] Ultra-sonography provides a new ability to study the complex anatomical structures of the hand, with the technique being quick and simple to perform. [38] (10.1016/0266-7681(90)90133-o)
References¶
[1] Marginal Osteophyte Excision in Treatment of Mucous Cysts. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1973. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-197355030-00013
[2] Infected mucous cyst of the finger. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1984. DOI: 10.1016/s0363-5023(84)80152-5
[3] Mucous Cysts. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.01.029
[4] Mucous Cysts. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.07.028
[5] Complications Following Mucous Cyst Excision. Journal of Hand Surgery. 1997. DOI: 10.1016/s0266-7681(97)80067-8
[6] Safety and Cost-Effectiveness of In-Office Digital Mucous Cyst Excisions. HAND. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/15589447251350168
[7] Surgical treatment of mucous cysts by subcutaneous excision and osteophyte resection: Results in 68 cases at a mean 6.63 years’ follow-up. Chirurgie de la Main. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.main.2015.06.001
[8] Total Dorsal Capsulectomy for the Treatment of Mucous Cysts. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.03.004
[10] Treatment of mucous cysts of the fingers: Review of 134 cases with minimum 2-year follow-up evaluation. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2003. DOI: 10.1053/jhsu.2003.50088
[11] 10.1177-15589447261433068. n.d..
[12] Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis of the hand in an adult. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1993. DOI: 10.1016/0363-5023(93)90302-j
[13] A reliable surgical treatment for digital mucous cysts. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2013. DOI: 10.1177/1753193413508540
[14] Malignant Natural-Killer cell neoplasm presenting as a mucous cyst on the distal interphalangeal joint of the finger. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2008. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-008-0794-4
[15] Re: Lee, H.-J., Kim, P.-T., Jeon, I.-H., Kyung, H.-S., Ra, I.-H. and Kim, T.-K. Osteophyte excision without cyst excision for a mucous cyst of the finger. J Hand Surg Eur. 2014, 39: 258–61. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2014. DOI: 10.1177/1753193414546990
[16] Outcome of surgically treated mucous cysts of the hand. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1994. DOI: 10.1016/0363-5023(94)90071-x
[19] A surface ultrastructure study of ganglia and digital mucous cysts. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1988. DOI: 10.1016/s0363-5023(88)80143-6
[20] Osteophyte excision without cyst excision for a mucous cyst of the finger. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2013. DOI: 10.1177/1753193413478549
[21] Osteophyte-Sparing Treatment of Mucous Cysts: Case Analysis and Surgical Technique. JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews. 2021. DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-21-00164
[23] Etiology and Treatment of the So-Called Mucous Cyst of the Finger. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1972. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-197254070-00008
[24] Eccrine Porocarcinoma Presenting as a Hand Cyst. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.07.112
[28] Use of Wolfe Graft for the Treatment of Mucous Cysts. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2009. DOI: 10.1177/1753193408103498
[29] Use of Wolfe Graft for the Treatment of Mucous Cysts. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2009. DOI: 10.1177/1753193409103498
[30] Mucous cyst of the distal interphalangeal joint: Treatment by simple excision or excision and rotation flap. The Journal of Hand Surgery: Journal of the British Society for Surgery of the Hand. 1990. DOI: 10.1016/0266-7681(90)90064-b
[33] Ultrasound of the Hand and Wrist. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.02.010
[34] Mucous Cyst of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint: Treatment by Simple Excision or Excision and Rotation Flap. Journal of Hand Surgery. 1990. DOI: 10.1016/0266-7681_90_90064-b
[35] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Evaluation, Clinical Examination, and Imaging > Evaluation and Clinical Examination: Current Concepts.
[38] Diagnostic medical ultrasound in the management of hand injuries. The Journal of Hand Surgery: Journal of the British Society for Surgery of the Hand. 1990. DOI: 10.1016/0266-7681(90)90133-o