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El cannabis y el CBD para el dolor

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What the evidence does and doesn't show for cannabis and CBD in musculoskeletal pain, and practical and safety considerations.

Updated Sep 2026
Una hoja de cannabis.
Cada vez se pregunta más por el cannabis y el CBD para el dolor musculoesquelético; las pruebas y la normativa todavía están evolucionando. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Qué es?

La medicina a base de cannabis abarca productos elaborados a partir de la planta del cannabis, como el cannabidiol (CBD) y el THC. El CBD es un componente de la planta que no produce «colocón». El THC es el componente que sí lo produce. Estos productos se presentan en forma de aceites, comprimidos o cremas que se pueden aplicar sobre la piel.

Las personas con dolor de larga duración por artrosis, dolor nervioso o dolor después de una cirugía a veces preguntan por ella. A muchos pacientes les despierta curiosidad. En una encuesta, el 80,9 % de las personas atendidas en una consulta de mano y extremidad superior dijo que se plantearía usar cannabis medicinal [1]. Entre las personas con dolor de columna, una de cada tres ya lo estaba usando [2]. Un gran número de personas con artrosis por desgaste en la base del pulgar dijo que le interesaría probarlo [3].

Su mecanismo de acción todavía se está estudiando. Su cuerpo tiene su propio sistema que responde a los compuestos del cannabis, y este sistema interviene en cómo siente el dolor. Una revisión señaló que las pruebas actuales sugieren beneficio y seguridad en el dolor de larga duración de músculos, huesos y nervios [4]. Pero el panorama es variado. Los ensayos no encontraron un beneficio clínicamente importante en el dolor nervioso después de lesiones del plexo braquial (una lesión por estiramiento de los nervios que van del cuello al brazo) [5]. Una forma sintética de THC no pareció reducir el consumo de opioides después de una cirugía de prótesis de rodilla [6].

Hay algunas precauciones. El consumo habitual de cannabis se ha relacionado con un mayor consumo de opioides después de una cirugía de prótesis articular [7]. Las personas con dependencia del cannabis documentada tuvieron más probabilidades de problemas en la herida después de una cirugía de partes blandas de la mano y la muñeca [8]. Se necesita más investigación antes de poder dar recomendaciones claras para muchas afecciones [9, 4].

¿Funciona?

La respuesta sincera es que depende de para qué lo use. En el dolor de larga duración de músculos, huesos y nervios, una revisión señaló que las pruebas actuales sugieren beneficio y seguridad de los medicamentos a base de cannabis [4]. Una revisión también encontró que pueden ayudar en el dolor nervioso de las extremidades, fuera de la columna [11]. Pero en concreto para las afecciones de la mano y el brazo, los investigadores dicen que todavía necesitamos más estudios antes de poder sacar conclusiones firmes [4].

Hay algunos hallazgos alentadores en torno a la cirugía. El CBD puede incluirse en un plan combinado de alivio del dolor después de una reparación artroscópica del manguito rotador sin perjudicar su recuperación a corto ni a largo plazo [12, 13]. Eso significa que no empeoró los resultados, no que se demostrara que los mejorara. En adolescentes y adultos jóvenes operados de cadera por artroscopia, quienes consumían marihuana antes de la cirugía tuvieron el mismo nivel de dolor, la misma necesidad de analgésicos y la misma recuperación que quienes no la consumían [14].

Algunos hallazgos son menos positivos. Entre los adolescentes sometidos a una reconstrucción de ligamento de la rodilla, quienes declararon consumir marihuana necesitaron con más frecuencia quedarse ingresados una noche por el dolor y tardaron más en volver al deporte [15]. Así que la misma sustancia puede parecer inofensiva en un contexto y problemática en otro.

Conviene saber quién suele consumirlo. Las personas que se someten a una artroscopia y declaran consumir cannabis suelen ser más jóvenes y con más frecuencia hombres [16]. Y la mayoría de las personas atendidas en una consulta de mano y extremidad superior considera el cannabis medicinal una opción segura para los problemas ortopédicos frecuentes [1].

En resumen: hay pruebas reales para algunos usos, pruebas contradictorias para otros y todavía ningún buen ensayo para muchas afecciones de la mano y el brazo. Si está pensando en usarlo, pregunte a su médico qué dicen las pruebas sobre su problema concreto.

¿Cuáles son los riesgos?

La respuesta sincera es que los riesgos dependen de su situación, y la investigación no abarca todos los casos. En el dolor nervioso de las extremidades, una revisión encontró que los medicamentos a base de cannabis pueden ayudar [11]. Pero en el dolor nervioso después de lesiones del plexo braquial (una lesión por estiramiento de los nervios que van del cuello al brazo), los ensayos no encontraron un beneficio clínicamente importante al añadir un tratamiento a base de cannabis a los planes habituales de alivio del dolor [5].

En torno a la cirugía, el panorama es variado. El CBD puede incluirse en un plan combinado de alivio del dolor después de una reparación artroscópica del manguito rotador sin perjudicar su recuperación a corto ni a largo plazo [12, 13]. Un estudio del CBD absorbido a través de la mejilla encontró que se toleraba bien y reducía el dolor en los primeros días después de esa misma operación [17]. Pero entre los adolescentes sometidos a una reconstrucción de ligamento de la rodilla, quienes declararon consumir marihuana necesitaron con más frecuencia quedarse ingresados una noche por el dolor y tardaron más en volver al deporte [15]. Las personas con dependencia del cannabis documentada tuvieron más probabilidades de problemas en la herida después de una cirugía de partes blandas de la mano y la muñeca [8].

En adolescentes y adultos jóvenes operados de cadera por artroscopia, quienes consumían marihuana antes de la cirugía tuvieron el mismo nivel de dolor, la misma necesidad de analgésicos y la misma recuperación que quienes no la consumían [14]. Los investigadores también estudiaron si combinar el cannabis con la nicotina cambiaba el riesgo de problemas después de una cirugía de fractura del miembro superior. No encontraron un efecto añadido claro, pero señalan que el estudio quizá no fue lo bastante grande para detectar un efecto pequeño [18].

Hay lagunas reales en lo que se sabe. Un estudio encontró que el consumo de cannabis no afectó a los resultados después de una cirugía de prótesis de cadera, aunque sus autores dicen que todavía se necesitan más estudios [10]. Los investigadores también dicen que se necesitan más estudios en muchas afecciones de la mano y el brazo [9, 4]. Por eso, si usted consume cannabis o CBD, dígaselo a su médico. Él o ella puede valorar lo que dicen las pruebas sobre su operación o afección concreta, y lo que todavía no dicen.

¿Es adecuado para usted?

Aquí no hay un sí o un no sencillo. Puede merecer la pena considerar la medicina a base de cannabis en el dolor de larga duración de músculos, huesos y nervios, en el que una revisión señaló que las pruebas actuales sugieren beneficio y seguridad [4]. También puede ayudar en el dolor nervioso de las extremidades, fuera de la columna [11]. Pero para muchas afecciones de la mano y el brazo todavía no hay buenos ensayos, así que nadie puede decir con certeza si le ayudará [9, 4].

En torno a la cirugía, la respuesta depende de su operación y de sus antecedentes. El CBD puede formar parte de un plan combinado de alivio del dolor después de una reparación artroscópica del manguito rotador sin perjudicar su recuperación [12, 13]. Pero si ha consumido cannabis de forma habitual, hay algunas precauciones. El consumo habitual se ha relacionado con un mayor consumo de opioides después de una cirugía de prótesis articular [7]. Y las personas con dependencia del cannabis documentada tuvieron más probabilidades de problemas en la herida después de una cirugía de partes blandas de la mano y la muñeca [8]. Los adolescentes sometidos a una reconstrucción de ligamento de la rodilla que declararon consumir marihuana necesitaron con más frecuencia quedarse ingresados una noche por el dolor y tardaron más en volver al deporte [15].

En comparación con los planes habituales de alivio del dolor, la medicina a base de cannabis no es un sustituto. En el dolor nervioso después de lesiones del plexo braquial (una lesión por estiramiento de los nervios que van del cuello al brazo), los ensayos no encontraron un beneficio clínicamente importante al añadirla al tratamiento habitual [5]. Una forma sintética de THC no pareció reducir el consumo de opioides después de una cirugía de prótesis de rodilla [6].

La sección de riesgos anterior explica las precauciones con más detalle. Si está pensando en probarlo, háblelo antes con su médico. Él o ella puede valorar lo que dicen las pruebas sobre su problema concreto, y lo que todavía no dicen. Debe ser una decisión compartida entre usted y su médico.

Conclusión

Puede merecer la pena considerar la medicina a base de cannabis en el dolor de larga duración de músculos, huesos y nervios, en el que una revisión señaló que las pruebas actuales sugieren beneficio y seguridad [4]. En torno a la cirugía, el CBD puede formar parte de un plan combinado de alivio del dolor después de una reparación artroscópica del manguito rotador sin perjudicar su recuperación a corto ni a largo plazo [12, 13]. Pero la misma sustancia puede parecer inofensiva en un contexto y problemática en otro, por lo que las pruebas dependen de su afección u operación concreta. La advertencia más importante: dígale a su médico si consume cannabis o CBD, para que pueda valorar lo que dice la investigación sobre su situación, y lo que todavía no dice.

Referencias

[1] Hand Surgery Patient Perspectives on Medical Cannabis: A Survey of Over 600 Patients. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.02.009

[2] Perceptions in orthopedic surgery on the use of cannabis in treating pain: a survey of patients with spine pain (POSIT Spine). Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2024. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04558-6

[3] Assessment of Medical Cannabis in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Thumb Basal Joint. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.10.018

[4] Medical Cannabis in Hand Surgery: A Review of the Current Evidence. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.11.008

[5] CORR Insights®: Does Cannabis-based Medicine Improve Pain and Sleep Quality in Patients With Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries? A Triple-blind, Crossover, Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2024. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000003265

[6] A Synthetic Form of Cannabinoid Does Not Decrease Opioid Use After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2026.02.047

[7] CORR Insights®: Do Medical and Recreational Marijuana State Laws Impact Trends in Postoperative Opioid Prescriptions Among Patients Who Have Undergone TJA?. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000003472

[8] Is Cannabis Dependence Associated with Postoperative Infections in Hand and Wrist Surgeries?. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100948

[9] Knowledge and Opinion on Cannabinoids Among Orthopaedic Traumatologists. JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews. 2021. DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-21-00047

[10] Cannabis Use Does Not Affect Outcomes After Total Hip Arthroplasty. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2023.03.040

[11] The Use of Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathy and Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.09.015

[12] Cannabidiol for Postoperative Pain Control After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Demonstrates No Deficits in Patient-Reported Outcomes Versus Placebo: 1-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2024. DOI: 10.1177/23259671231222265

[13] Poster 186: Cannabidiol for Post-Operative Pain Control after Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Demonstrates No Functional Deficits at 1-Year. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2023. DOI: 10.1177/2325967123s00172

[14] No Evidence That Preoperative Marijuana Use Influences the Success of Hip Arthroscopy for Femoracetabular Impingement in Adolescents and Young Adults. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/23259671251385152

[15] Effect of Marijuana Use on Pain Management and Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients: A Matched Control Study. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/23259671251369015

[16] Poster 189. Cannabis Use in Patients Undergoing Sports Medicine Procedures and Post-Operative Pain Scores. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/2325967126s00487

[17] Effects Of Cannabidiol On Post-Operative Pain Following Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.02.032

[18] Cannabis and nicotine use are independently associated with adverse surgical, medical, and psychosocial outcomes following upper extremity fracture fixation. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-025-06635-w

Reviewed by Kieran Hirpara · 13 June 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Cannabidiol (CBD) can be considered in a postoperative multimodal pain management regimen without detrimental effects on patient-reported outcomes at 1-year follow-up after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [1].
  • CBD can be considered in a postoperative multimodal pain management regimen without long-term functional deficits at 1-year follow-up after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [2].
  • Cannabis-based medicines are applicable for the treatment of peripheral neuropathy and neuropathic pain [3].
  • 89% of participants in a survey of musculoskeletal pain patients considered medical cannabis to be more effective than narcotics for adequate pain management [4].
  • Regular cannabis use may be associated with increased opioid usage in the context of total joint arthroplasty [5].
  • No specific guidance for the use of cannabis in perioperative pain management can be suggested based on the association between regular cannabis use and increased opioid usage after total joint arthroplasty [5].
  • Patients estimated that medical cannabis could treat more than half of their spine pain [6].
  • One in three patients with spine pain were already using medical cannabis [6].
  • 79% of patients with spine pain believe cannabis could reduce opioid usage [6].
  • Most survey respondents in the orthopaedic sports medicine community believed that CBD has a role in postoperative and chronic pain management [7].
  • Large numbers of patients with osteoarthritis of the thumb basal joint would be interested in trialing either oral or topical formulations of medical cannabis for treatment of their pain [8].
  • 80.9% of patients presenting for hand and upper-extremity complaints would consider using medical cannabis [9].
  • Patients presenting for hand and upper-extremity complaints perceive medical cannabis as a safe treatment option for common orthopedic conditions [9].
  • Cost is identified as a major barrier to the use of medical cannabis by patients presenting for hand and upper-extremity complaints [9].
  • A synthetic form of THC does not appear to limit opioid intake after primary total knee arthroplasty [10].
  • Current evidence demonstrates efficacy and safety for chronic musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain [19].
  • Definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of medical cannabis in hand and upper extremity conditions require continued investigation [19].

How It Works

  • Cannabidiol (CBD) can be considered in a postoperative multimodal pain management regimen without long-term functional deficits at 1-year follow-up after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [2].
  • 89% of participants considered medical cannabis to be more effective than narcotics for adequate pain management [4].
  • No specific guidance in the use of cannabis in perioperative pain management can be suggested based on the association between regular cannabis use and increased opioid usage after total joint arthroplasty [5].
  • Cannabis-based medicine did not provide clinical improvement in pain compared with a placebo in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injuries [11].
  • A majority of sports medicine surgeons believe that CBD has a role in post-operative and chronic pain management [12].
  • More clinical research for cannabinoids is needed to help orthopaedic traumatologists provide guidance for patients seeking advice for this therapeutic [13].
  • Patients with documented cannabis dependence demonstrated higher odds of developing wound complications following hand and wrist soft-tissue surgical procedures [16].

What the Evidence Shows

Postoperative Pain Management

  • CBD can be considered in a post-operative multimodal pain management regimen without long-term functional deficits at 1-year follow-up after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [2].
  • Buccally absorbed CBD demonstrates an acceptable safety profile and shows significant promise in reducing pain in the immediate peri-operative period following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair compared to control [17].
  • Cannabis use does not affect outcomes after total hip arthroplasty [14].
  • Further studies are warranted to determine the efficacy and safety of perioperative cannabis use after total hip arthroplasty to help guide orthopaedic surgeons in counseling patients [14].
  • Higher-level studies are needed to ascertain the impact of cannabis use for patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty [15].

Neuropathic Pain

  • Cannabis-based treatment did not provide clinically important benefit as an adjuvant to standard multimodal drug therapy for neuropathic pain in traumatic brachial plexus injuries [18].
  • Findings suggest the applicability of cannabis-based medicines for peripheral neuropathy [3].

Patient and Surgeon Perceptions

  • Patients estimated medical cannabis could treat more than half of their spine pain [6].

Practical Considerations

Postoperative Pain Management

  • CBD can be considered in a postoperative multimodal pain management regimen without detrimental effects on outcome [1].
  • CBD can be considered in a post-operative multimodal pain management regimen without long-term detrimental effects [2].

Patient and Provider Perceptions

  • Large numbers of patients with osteoarthritis of the thumb basal joint would be interested in trialing either oral or topical formulations of medical cannabis for treatment of their thumb basal joint pain [8].

Clinical Guidance and Research Needs

  • No specific guidance in the use of cannabis in perioperative pain management can be suggested based on the association between regular cannabis use and increased opioid usage in total joint arthroplasty [5].
  • More clinical research for cannabinoids is needed to help orthopaedic traumatologists provide guidance for patients seeking advice [13].

Key Evidence

  • [L2] These findings suggest that CBD can be considered in a postoperative multimodal pain management regimen without detrimental effects on outcome. [1] (10.1177/23259671231222265)
  • [L2] These findings suggest that CBD can be considered in a post-operative multimodal pain management regimen without long-term detrimental effects. [2] (10.1177/2325967123s00172)
  • [L2] These findings suggest the applicability of cannabis-based medicines for peripheral neuropathy. [3] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.09.015)
  • [L4] In addition, 89% of the participants considered medical cannabis to be more effective than narcotics for adequate pain management. [4] (10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-22-00055)
  • [Paper] Regular cannabis use may be associated with increased opioid usage in the context of total joint arthroplasty, and no specific guidance in the use of cannabis in perioperative pain management can be suggested based on this discovery. [5] (10.1097/corr.0000000000003472)
  • [L4] Patients estimated medical cannabis could treat more than half of their spine pain, with one in three patients already using medical cannabis, and 79% of patients believe cannabis could reduce opioid usage. [6] (10.1186/s13018-024-04558-6)
  • [L4] Most survey respondents believed that CBD has a role in postoperative and chronic pain management. [7] (10.1177/23259671231191766)
  • [L4] Large numbers of these patients would be interested in trialing either oral or topical formulations of medical cannabis for treatment of their thumb basal joint pain. [8] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.10.018)
  • [L3] Most patients presenting for hand and upper-extremity complaints would consider using medical cannabis (80.9%) and perceive it as a safe treatment option for common orthopedic conditions, with cost identified as a major barrier to use. [9] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.02.009)
  • [L1] Despite enthusiasm for cannabis after orthopaedic surgical procedures, this THC does not appear to limit opioid intake after primary TKA. [10] (10.1016/j.arth.2026.02.047)
  • [L1] Cannabis-based medicine did not provide clinical improvement in pain compared with a placebo in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injuries. [11] (10.1097/corr.0000000000003221)
  • [L4] A majority of sports medicine surgeons believe that CBD has a role in post-operative and chronic pain management. [12] (10.1177/2325967123s00336)
  • [L4] More clinical research for cannabinoids is needed to help orthopaedic traumatologists provide guidance for patients seeking advice for this recently popular therapeutic. [13] (10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-21-00047)
  • [L3] Further studies are warranted to determine the efficacy and safety of perioperative cannabis use after THA to help guide orthopaedic surgeons in counseling patients. [14] (10.1016/j.arth.2023.03.040)
  • [L1] Higher-level studies are needed to ascertain the impact of cannabis use for patients undergoing TJA. [15] (10.1016/j.arth.2023.07.008)
  • [L2] Patients with documented cannabis dependence demonstrated higher odds of developing wound complications following hand and wrist soft-tissue surgical procedures. [16] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100948)
  • [L1] Buccally absorbed CBD demonstrates an acceptable safety profile and shows significant promise in reduction of pain in the immediate peri-operative period following ARCR compared to the control. [17] (10.1016/j.jse.2023.02.032)
  • [Paper] This is a commentary on a randomized controlled trial by Kittithamvongs et al., which found no clinically important benefit to cannabis-based treatment as an adjuvant to standard multimodal drug therapy for neuropathic pain in traumatic brachial plexus injuries. [18] (10.1097/corr.0000000000003265)
  • [L4] Current evidence demonstrates efficacy and safety for chronic musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain, but definitive conclusions regarding efficacy in hand and upper extremity conditions require continued investigation. [19] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.11.008)

References

[1] Cannabidiol for Postoperative Pain Control After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Demonstrates No Deficits in Patient-Reported Outcomes Versus Placebo: 1-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2024. DOI: 10.1177/23259671231222265

[2] Poster 186: Cannabidiol for Post-Operative Pain Control after Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Demonstrates No Functional Deficits at 1-Year. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2023. DOI: 10.1177/2325967123s00172

[3] The Use of Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathy and Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.09.015

[4] Patient Experience and Perspective on Medical Cannabis as an Alternative for Musculoskeletal Pain Management. JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews. 2022. DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-22-00055

[5] CORR Insights®: Do Medical and Recreational Marijuana State Laws Impact Trends in Postoperative Opioid Prescriptions Among Patients Who Have Undergone TJA?. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000003472

[6] Perceptions in orthopedic surgery on the use of cannabis in treating pain: a survey of patients with spine pain (POSIT Spine). Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2024. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04558-6

[7] Perceptions and Opinions on Cannabidiol in the Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Community. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2023. DOI: 10.1177/23259671231191766

[8] Assessment of Medical Cannabis in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Thumb Basal Joint. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.10.018

[9] Hand Surgery Patient Perspectives on Medical Cannabis: A Survey of Over 600 Patients. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.02.009

[10] A Synthetic Form of Cannabinoid Does Not Decrease Opioid Use After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2026.02.047

[11] Does Cannabis-based Medicine Improve Pain and Sleep Quality in Patients With Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries? A Triple-blind, Crossover, Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2024. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000003221

[12] Poster 373: Perceptions & Opinions on Cannabidiol Among Sports Medicine Orthopaedic Surgeons. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2023. DOI: 10.1177/2325967123s00336

[13] Knowledge and Opinion on Cannabinoids Among Orthopaedic Traumatologists. JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews. 2021. DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-21-00047

[14] Cannabis Use Does Not Affect Outcomes After Total Hip Arthroplasty. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2023.03.040

[15] Cannabis Use Following Total Joint Arthroplasty is Associated With Increased Risks? A Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2023.07.008

[16] Is Cannabis Dependence Associated with Postoperative Infections in Hand and Wrist Surgeries?. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100948

[17] Effects Of Cannabidiol On Post-Operative Pain Following Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.02.032

[18] CORR Insights®: Does Cannabis-based Medicine Improve Pain and Sleep Quality in Patients With Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries? A Triple-blind, Crossover, Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2024. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000003265

[19] Medical Cannabis in Hand Surgery: A Review of the Current Evidence. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.11.008

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By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.