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Patients › Ankle

Reconstrucción del ligamento lateral

Updated Sep 2026
Illustration: ankle

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

Esta operación reconstruye los ligamentos de la parte externa del tobillo que evitan que este ceda. Por lo general, se ofrece a personas con inestabilidad crónica del tobillo, es decir, síntomas que duran al menos 6 meses, como esguinces repetidos, dolor y la sensación de que el tobillo está inestable al practicar deporte. Normalmente probamos primero tratamientos no quirúrgicos, como la modificación de la actividad y la fisioterapia, y consideramos la cirugía cuando estos no han logrado una mejoría suficiente. También se puede proponer la cirugía cuando los síntomas persisten tras 3 a 6 meses de estas medidas. El objetivo de la operación es conseguir un tobillo estable, con menos dolor y mejor funcionamiento. Los resultados son buenos o muy buenos en entre el 80 y el 95% de los casos.

Antes de la operación

En las semanas previas a la cirugía, confirmamos el plan mediante estudios de imagen. Estos pueden incluir una radiografía, una resonancia magnética (un estudio que muestra los tejidos blandos, como los ligamentos) o una ecografía. Estas imágenes nos ayudan a planificar la operación y a detectar otros problemas dentro del tobillo, como daños en el cartílago.

El día de la cirugía, deberá dejar de comer y beber siete horas antes. Pedimos siete horas en lugar de un período más corto para poder adelantar su operación si el programa quirúrgico avanza antes de lo previsto. Su cirujano le indicará cuáles de sus medicamentos habituales debe suspender y cuándo. Lleve una lista por escrito de todo lo que toma, vista ropa holgada y cómoda, y organice que alguien lo lleve a casa después de la operación. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que también necesite análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista (el especialista que le administra la anestesia para dormirle).

El día de la intervención

Llegará a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registrará y preparará para el quirófano. A continuación, conocerá al anestesista, el especialista que le administra la anestesia para dormirle. Esta operación se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día. Después, se le trasladará al quirófano, donde se lleva a cabo la operación.

Cuando termine la operación, despertará en la sala de recuperación. Las enfermeras permanecerán a su lado mientras desaparece el efecto de la anestesia y comprobarán que se encuentre cómodo. Una vez que su estado sea estable, se le trasladará a una sala de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa ese mismo día, según el procedimiento y la evolución de su recuperación. La persona que vaya a llevarlo a casa debe estar preparada para recogerlo cuando el equipo indique que ya puede marcharse.

Qué implica la operación

Existen dos formas principales de reconstruir los ligamentos externos del tobillo. Si su propio tejido ligamentoso aún se encuentra en un estado razonable, el cirujano puede tensarlo y volver a fijarlo. Esto se realiza mediante una incisión curva sobre la parte externa del tobillo, generalmente inclinada hacia delante, en dirección al centro del pie. El ligamento roto se vuelve a coser al pequeño hueso de la parte externa del tobillo (el peroné) mediante pequeños anclajes o puntos que se pasan a través de diminutos túneles en el hueso. El tejido cercano puede plegarse sobre la reparación para reforzarla. Al mismo tiempo, se extraen los fragmentos óseos sueltos o los pequeños huesos accesorios que estén causando dolor.

Si el tejido del ligamento está demasiado desgastado o estirado para sujetar los puntos, o si se trata de una segunda operación, el cirujano puede reconstruir el ligamento utilizando un fragmento de tendón. Este injerto de tendón puede proceder de su propio cuerpo o de tejido de un donante. Se perforan pequeños túneles en los huesos del tobillo y el injerto se pasa a través de ellos y se fija en su sitio, reproduciendo el trayecto del ligamento original.

Algunas reparaciones se realizan mediante cirugía mínimamente invasiva (artroscópica). El cirujano trabaja a través de pequeñas incisiones con la ayuda de una cámara (un artroscopio) y, al mismo tiempo, puede revisar y tratar lesiones dentro de la articulación del tobillo, sin necesidad de abrir toda la zona.

Sea cual sea la técnica utilizada, la incisión se cierra con puntos y se cubre con un apósito. El cirujano también puede revisar los tendones que pasan por detrás del hueso externo del tobillo y repararlos si están dañados, ya que los problemas en esa zona pueden aparecer junto con las lesiones de ligamentos.

Después de la operación

Al despertar, estará en la sala de recuperación, y las enfermeras permanecerán con usted mientras desaparece el efecto de la anestesia. El tobillo estará cubierto con un apósito, y su equipo controlará el dolor para que se sienta cómodo. Por lo general, podrá apoyar peso sobre el pie poco después de la cirugía, aunque al principio puede usar muletas para desplazarse con seguridad. Alguien debe quedarse con usted durante las primeras 24 horas después de llegar a casa. Su equipo le indicará si podrá irse a casa el mismo día o si pasará una noche en el hospital. Mantenemos el apósito durante unos 10 días; no lo retire antes, a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiaremos o retiraremos cuando le veamos en consulta.

Recuperación

Durante los primeros días, el tobillo estará dolorido e hinchado. Esto es normal y mejora de forma gradual. El reposo, mantener el pie elevado y los analgésicos que le receten aliviarán las molestias. La hinchazón aparece y desaparece durante un tiempo, y suele empeorar después de haber estado de pie.

Empezará a moverse poco después de la cirugía. La mayoría de las personas pueden apoyar peso sobre el pie pronto, usando muletas al principio para desplazarse con seguridad. Su fisioterapeuta le guiará con ejercicios para recuperar el movimiento y la fuerza, aumentándolos a medida que el tobillo lo permita. Llevará el apósito durante unos 10 días, y revisaremos la herida cuando le veamos en consulta. En casa, mantenga el apósito seco, dé paseos cortos según se le indique y evite torcer o doblar el tobillo.

A medida que la hinchazón disminuye y vuelve el movimiento, las tareas cotidianas se vuelven más fáciles. Irá dejando las muletas y pasará a caminar a su propio ritmo. No podrá conducir hasta que su propio cirujano lo autorice: no se puede conducir mientras lleve un yeso, una bota o una ortesis en el tobillo operado, ni mientras deba evitar apoyar peso sobre él, y deberá haber dejado los analgésicos fuertes y ser capaz de mover el pie entre los pedales y frenar con fuerza sin dudar. La bota no es una excepción, y que le retiren el yeso o la bota no significa por sí solo que ya pueda conducir. Importa qué tobillo se operó, y también si el coche es automático o manual: en un coche automático, el pie derecho es el que frena, mientras que en uno manual el pie izquierdo acciona el embrague. La vuelta al deporte se hace por etapas, empezando por actividades en línea recta y avanzando hasta los giros y cambios de dirección que su tobillo hacía antes. Su fisioterapeuta le dirá cuándo es seguro pasar a cada etapa.

Cada persona se recupera a un ritmo diferente, por lo que sus plazos pueden ser distintos a los de otras personas. Su cirujano y su fisioterapeuta le orientarán en cada consulta y ajustarán el plan a medida que avance.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden surgir problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo le vigilan de cerca para detectar cualquier problema a tiempo.

Los nervios situados cerca de la parte externa del tobillo pueden irritarse durante la cirugía. Si esto ocurre, podría notar entumecimiento, hormigueo, ardor o una sensación aguda, como una descarga eléctrica, en la parte superior o en el borde externo del pie. La mayor parte de la irritación nerviosa desaparece por sí sola en un plazo de semanas a meses. Infórmenos en su próxima revisión si nota alguna de estas sensaciones.

En ocasiones, la herida puede dar problemas. Esté atento a un enrojecimiento que se extienda desde la incisión, a la salida de líquido o pus, o a una piel que se vea oscura o deteriorada. Podría sentir un dolor profundo y pulsátil que no mejora con analgésicos comunes, o tener fiebre. Si observa cualquiera de estos signos, llame a la clínica de inmediato. Algunas infecciones de la herida requieren antibióticos o un pequeño procedimiento para drenarlas, por lo que es importante una revisión temprana.

Los puntos o pequeños anclajes utilizados para sujetar la reparación pueden, en ocasiones, rozar o presionar bajo la piel. Se nota como un punto sensible, un bulto o una sensación de chasquido cerca de una de las pequeñas cicatrices. Suele ser leve, pero si le molesta, coméntelo en su próxima revisión. Un procedimiento sencillo con anestesia local permite retirar la parte que causa la irritación.

En raras ocasiones, el ligamento reparado puede volver a romperse o estirarse. Notaría que el tobillo vuelve a estar inestable, con torceduras o esguinces repetidos, hinchazón y dolor en la parte delantera del tobillo. Si el tobillo vuelve a ceder después de un período de estabilidad, póngase en contacto con la clínica para que podamos evaluarlo.

Algunas personas notan rigidez después de la operación. Se siente como una tirantez al doblar el tobillo hacia arriba o al girar el pie hacia dentro, y puede limitar el movimiento del tobillo. La fisioterapia suele ayudar. Coméntelo en su revisión si el movimiento no mejora.

La tabla de complicaciones de esta página indica las tasas habituales, por si desea conocer los detalles.

¿Cuándo deben llamarnos?

Llámenos de inmediato si tiene fiebre, o si la piel alrededor de la herida se vuelve más roja, se hincha o empieza a supurar líquido. Acuda a urgencias si presenta un dolor intenso y repentino, hinchazón en la pantorrilla o dificultad para respirar. Estos pueden ser signos de un coágulo sanguíneo. Acuda también a urgencias si pierde la sensibilidad en el pie o no puede moverlo. Si el entumecimiento, el hormigueo o el ardor aparecen de forma gradual, llame a la clínica para que podamos evaluarle.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Ligament Anatomy and Biomechanics

  • The anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament are the primary lateral ankle structures identified radiographically [1].
  • Sectioning of the deltoid ligament results in a 43% increase in tibiotalar contact area [7].
  • Sectioning of the deltoid ligament results in a 30% increase in peak pressures [7].
  • Sectioning of the deltoid ligament alone results in valgus tilt of the talus [7].
  • Chronic instability resulting from deltoid ligament sectioning may lead to tibiotalar arthrosis [7].
  • The deep deltoid ligament consists of short fibers [7].
  • The Chrisman-Snook reconstruction resulted in a significantly more stable ankle joint complex than ankles with cut anterior talofibular ligaments [2].
  • The Chrisman-Snook reconstruction resulted in ankles with significantly less motion than intact ankles [2].
  • Transection and imbrication of the lateral ligaments results in improved mechanical stability in approximately 80% of patients [2].

Pathophysiology of Instability

  • Chronic instability of the ankle from an earlier rupture of a ligament should first be treated conservatively if it is symptomatic [2].
  • Mechanical instability is characterized by stress radiographs showing 8 to 10 degrees of increased tilt of the talus in the ankle mortise compared with the normal ankle [2].
  • Functional instability is defined as the subjective feeling of ankle instability or recurrent ankle sprain caused by neuromuscular or proprioceptive deficits [2].
  • Recurrent sprains are associated with a risk of associated injuries to other structures, such as osteochondral lesions [2].
  • An acute lateral ankle sprain significantly decreases physical activity across the lifespan [1].
  • Chronic medial instability often does not cause severe disability that cannot be treated conservatively [7].
  • Patients with chronic medial ankle instability may give a history of a pronation-type injury but more often report having had multiple ankle sprains without clearly remembering the mechanism [7].
  • The combination of posterior tibial insufficiency and deltoid incompetence is categorized by Myerson as a stage IV adult-acquired flatfoot [7].
  • This combination of posterior tibial insufficiency and deltoid incompetence is most commonly seen in the older population [7].
  • A symptomatic anterolateral exostosis at the insertion of the anterior talofibular ligament, described as an excentric lesion, is found by CT scan in patients with chronic ankle pain after an inversion injury [2].
  • Physical examination and oblique radiographs were suggestive of the excentric lesion in most cases [2].
  • Unsatisfactory results for lateral ligament shortening procedures may occur in patients with generalized joint hypermobility or long-standing ligamentous laxity [2].
  • Unsatisfactory results for lateral ligament shortening procedures are frequent in patients with prior ankle surgery [2].
  • Better functional results may be obtained with reconstruction of both lateral ligaments than with reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament alone, although the literature is inconclusive [2].
  • Karlsson et al. recommended combined reconstruction if there is any doubt regarding the involvement of both ligaments [2].
  • Primary repair of a chronic deltoid tear, either end-to-end, “vest-over-pants,” or advancement to bone, does not usually work [7].
  • Anatomic primary repair of the chronically deficient deltoid ligament is less satisfactory than repair of the lateral ankle ligament due to the short fibers of the deep deltoid and increased tension placed on the medial aspect of the ankle [7].
  • Medial ankle ligament reconstruction is indicated after failed conservative treatment in patients with chronic symptomatic mechanical instability [7].
  • It is important to assess for incompetence of the medial tendons of the ankle, especially the posterior tibial tendon, in patients with chronic medial instability [7].

Investigations

  • With mechanical instability, stress radiographs show 8 to 10 degrees of increased tilt of the talus in the ankle mortise compared with the normal ankle [2].
  • If stress radiographs do not show increased talar tilt, other causes for the disability, such as a stress fracture, should be sought [2].
  • A symptomatic anterolateral exostosis at the insertion of the anterior talofibular ligament, described as an excentric lesion, can be found by CT scan in patients with chronic ankle pain after an inversion injury [2].
  • Bone scans reveal increased uptake in the middle third of the fibula, indicating a stress fracture in patients with chronic, recurrent pain over the distal third of the leg and ankle [2].
  • MRI is used for ankle injuries [3].
  • Stress views of the ankle mortise are utilized in evaluation [3].

Treatment

  • The arthroscopic Broström technique is a described method for lateral ligament repair [1].
  • Anatomic ligament repairs are performed for syndesmotic injuries [1].
  • Medial ankle instability involves the deltoid ligament [1].
  • An evidence-based approach exists for the treatment of acute traumatic syndesmosis (high ankle) sprains [1].
  • Gravity stress radiographs are used to assess deltoid ligament integrity and medial clear space measurements [1].
  • Subtalar instability is a condition with specific diagnosis and treatment protocols [1].
  • Ankle fracture syndesmosis fixation and management is a current practice among orthopedic surgeons [1].
  • The Broström procedure has been evaluated for long-term results in chronic lateral ankle instability [1].
  • Combined medial and lateral anatomic ligament reconstruction is used for chronic rotational instability of the ankle [1].
  • Outcome scales are used to assess lateral ankle ligament reconstruction [1].
  • Predictors of peroneal pathology have been identified in Broström-Gould ankle ligament reconstruction for lateral ankle instability [1].
  • Acute and chronic lateral ankle instability are conditions affecting athletes [1].
  • Lateral ligament augmentation using suture-tape affects functional instability [1].
  • A randomized comparison exists between lateral ligaments augmentation using suture-tape and modified Broström repair in young female patients with chronic ankle instability [1].
  • A modified Broström procedure can be combined with arthroscopic debridement of medial gutter osteoarthritis in patients with chronic ankle instability [1].
  • Ossicle resection is performed during lateral ligament repair for the treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability [1].
  • Qualitative and quantitative anatomic investigations of the lateral ankle ligaments inform surgical reconstruction procedures [1].
  • Deltoid ligament abnormalities are present in cases of chronic lateral ankle instability [1].
  • Magnetic resonance imaging is compared to physical examination for diagnosing syndesmotic injury after lateral ankle sprain [1].
  • Interventions for treating chronic ankle instability have been systematically reviewed [1].
  • Open mosaicplasty is used for osteochondral lesions of the talus [1].
  • Operative management of ankle instability includes reconstruction with open and percutaneous methods [1].
  • Radiographic identification is used to identify primary lateral ankle structures [1].
  • Acute superficial deltoid complex avulsion is repaired during ankle fracture fixation in National Football League players [1].
  • Calcaneofibular ligament injury plays a role in ankle instability with implications for surgical management [1].
  • Deltoid ligament repair is compared to syndesmotic fixation in bimalleolar equivalent ankle fractures [1].
  • Anatomic reconstruction of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments can be performed using a semitendinosus tendon allograft and interference screws [1].
  • Repair of only the anterior talofibular ligament resulted in similar outcomes to repair of both the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments [1].
  • Simultaneous ossicle resection and lateral ligament repair provide excellent clinical results with an early return to physical activity in pediatric and adolescent patients with chronic lateral ankle instability and os subfibulare [1].
  • Morphological characteristics of os subfibulare are related to the failure of conservative treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability [1].
  • The modified Broström procedure in patients with chronic ankle instability is superior to conservative treatment in terms of muscle endurance and postural stability [1].

References

[1] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. REPAIR OF ACUTE RUPTURE OF LATERAL LIGAMENTS > ACUTE ANKLE LIGAMENT INJURIES, CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY.

[2] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. REPAIR OF ACUTE RUPTURE OF LATERAL LIGAMENTS > CHRONIC INSTABILITY AFTER INJURY.

[3] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. REPAIR OF ACUTE RUPTURE OF LATERAL LIGAMENTS > Anesthesia (Continued).

[7] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. REPAIR OF ACUTE RUPTURE OF LATERAL LIGAMENTS > MEDIAL REPAIR OF CHRONIC INSTABILITY.

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b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

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